Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean as the 1991 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 12 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.
No fields match. Try a shorter word.
Geography
8 fieldsTotal area
82,217,000 km2; includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Climate
- tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
- hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
Terrain
- surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June;
- clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre in the south Atlantic;
- the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin;
- maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench
Natural resources
oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones
Environment
- endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales;
- municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina;
- oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea;
- industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea;
- icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands;
- icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern Atlantic
Note
- ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October;
- persistent fog can be a hazard to shipping from May to September;
- major choke points include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals;
- strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage;
- north Atlantic shipping lanes subject to icebergs from February to August;
- the Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean
Economy
Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea).
1 fieldOverview
Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea).
Communications
3 fieldsPorts
Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; USSR), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Stockholm (Sweden)
Telecommunications
- numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean;
- numerous direct links across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Atlantic Ocean.” The World Factbook 1991. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/atlantic-ocean/1991.