Brazil

• deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area;
• there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade;
• air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities;
• land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities;
• wetland degradation;
• severe oil spills

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.7 male(s)/female

total population:

0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

noun:

Brazilian(s)

adjective:

Brazilian

conventional long form:

Federative Republic of Brazil

conventional short form:

Brazil

local long form:

Republica Federativa do Brasil

local short form:

Brasil

name:

Brasilia

geographic coordinates:

15 47 S, 47 55 W

time difference:

UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February

note: Brazil is divided into four time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha islands

• 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal);
• Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins

• voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70;
• compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age;
• note - military conscripts do not vote

chief of state:

• President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003);
• Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:

• president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term;
• election last held 1 October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October 2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010)

election results:

Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) reelected president - 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%

• Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate);
• Higher Tribunal of Justice;
• Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life);
• note - though appointed "for life," judges, like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70

• Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy Michel TEMER];
• Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Flavio de CASTRO MARTINEZ];
• Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy Fidelix DA CRUZ];
• Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS SANTOS];
• Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Tasso JEREISSATI];
• Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS];
• Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO];
• Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI];
• Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES];
• Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA];
• Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS [leader NA];
• Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTA Neto];
• National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas Ferreira CARNEIRO];
• Partido Municipalista Renovador or PMR [Natal Wellington Rodrigues FURUCHO];
• Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE];
• Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA];
• Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS];
• Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo Jose Ribeiro BERZOINI]

• Landless Worker's Movement;
• labor unions and federations;
• large farmers' associations;
• religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roberto P. ABDENUR

chancery:

3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 238-2700

FAX:

[1] (202) 238-2827

consulate(s) general:

Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Clifford M. SOBEL

embassy:

Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia

mailing address:

Unit 3500, APO AA 34030

telephone:

[55] (61) 3312-7000

FAX:

[55] (61) 3225-9136

consulate(s) general:

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

consulate(s):

Recife

• green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil;
• the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

agriculture:

20%

industry:

14%

services:

66% (2003 est.)

lowest 10%:

0.7%

highest 10%:

31.27% (2002)

general assessment:

good working system

domestic:

extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations

international:

• country code - 55;
• 3 coaxial submarine cables;
• satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station

• condensate/gas 244 km;
• gas 11,669 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 341 km;
• oil 5,212 km;
• refined products 4,755 km (2006)

total:

29,252 km

broad gauge:

4,877 km 1.600-m gauge (939 km electrified)

standard gauge:

194 km 1.440-m gauge

narrow gauge:

23,785 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)

dual gauge:

396 km 1.000 m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km electrified) (2005)

total:

1,724,929 km

paved:

94,871 km

unpaved:

1,630,058 km (2000)

total:

137 ships (1000 GRT or over) 2,038,923 GRT/3,057,820 DWT

by type:

bulk carrier 21, cargo 21, chemical tanker 8, container 8, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 47, roll on/roll off 8

foreign-owned:

15 (Chile 1, Germany 7, Norway 2, Spain 4, UK 1)

registered in other countries:

5 (Ghana 1, Liberia 3, Marshall Islands 1) (2006)

• 21-45 years of age for compulsory military service;
• conscript service obligation - nine to 12 months;
• 17-45 years of age for voluntary service;
• an increasing percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals;
• women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks;
• women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2001)

males age 19-49:

45,586,036

females age 19-49:

45,728,704 (2005 est.)

males age 19-49:

33,119,098

females age 19-49:

38,079,722 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49:

1,785,930

females age 19-49:

1,731,648 (2005 est.)

• unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
• uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina;
• in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend its maritime continental margin

current situation:

• Brazil is a source and destination country for women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation within Brazil and to destinations in South America, the Caribbean, Western Europe, Japan, the US, and the Middle East, and for men trafficked within the country for forced agricultural labor;
• child sex tourism is a problem within the country, particularly in the resort areas and coastal cities of Brazil's northeast;
• foreign victims from Bolivia, Peru, China, and Korea are trafficked to Brazil for labor exploitation in factories

tier rating:

Tier 2 Watch List - Brazil has failed to show evidence of increasing efforts to fight trafficking, specifically for its failure to apply effective criminal penalties against traffickers who exploit forced labor

• illicit producer of cannabis;
• trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption;
• government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis;
• important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe;
• also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia;
• upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling;
• important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine;
• illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial system;
• significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area