Guatemala
Republic of GuatemalaRepublica de Guatemala
constitutional democratic republicIndependence 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
Guatemala as the 2007 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 126 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.
No fields match. Try a shorter word.
Introduction
1 fieldBackground
The Mayan civilization flourished in Guatemala and surrounding regions during the first millennium A.D. After almost three centuries as a Spanish colony, Guatemala won its independence in 1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a variety of military and civilian governments, as well as a 36-year guerrilla war. In 1996, the government signed a peace agreement formally ending the conflict, which had left more than 100,000 people dead and had created, by some estimates, some 1 million refugees.
Geography
Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and Mexico, and bordering the Gulf of Honduras (Caribbean Sea) between Honduras and Belize
18 fieldsLand useshare of 108,890 sq km
Location
Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and Mexico, and bordering the Gulf of Honduras (Caribbean Sea) between Honduras and Belize
Natural hazards
numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
People
19 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2007 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2007 est.)
Male · female
Ethnic groups(2001 census)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.033 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 0.941 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.861 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.974 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Languages
Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Government
Constitutional democratic republic; President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo (since 14 January 2004); President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo (since 14 January 2004)
18 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la Republica, 158 seats, elected 9 November 2003one dot, one seat
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Guatemala
- conventional short form:
- Guatemala
- local long form:
- Republica de Guatemala
- local short form:
- Guatemala
Capital
- name:
- Guatemala
- geographic coordinates:
- 14 37 N, 90 31 W
- time difference:
- UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1hr, begins last Sunday in April;
- ends last Friday in September;
- note - there is no DST planned for 2007-2009
Administrative divisions
- 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
- Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa
Constitution
- 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986;
- note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President Jorge SERRANO;
- reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president;
- amended November 1993
Legal system
- civil law system;
- judicial review of legislative acts;
- has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage
- 18 years of age;
- universal;
- note - active duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo (since 14 January 2004);
- Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas (since 14 January 2004);
- note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
- head of government:
- President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo (since 14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas (since 14 January 2004)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (may not serve consecutive terms);
- election last held 9 September 2007;
- runoff held 4 November 2007 (next to be held September 2011)
- election results:
- Alvaro COLOM Caballeros elected president;
- percent of vote - Alvaro COLOM Caballeros 52.8%, Otto PEREZ Molina 47.2%;
- note - COLOM will take office 14 January 2008
Legislative branch
unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la Republica (158 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
- elections:
- last held 9 November 2003 (next to be held in September 2007)
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - GANA 49, FRG 41, UNE 33, PAN 17, other 18
note: in the 2003 election, the number of congressional seats increased from 113 to 158
Judicial branch
- Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitutcionalidad is Guatemala's highest court (five judges are elected for concurrent five-year terms);
- Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (13 members serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a president of the Court each year from among their number; the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms)
Political parties and leaders
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Edgar DE LEON Sotomayor]; Center of Social Action or CASA [Eduardo SUGER]; Democracy Front or FRENTE [Alfonso CABRERA]; Democratic Union or UD [Manuel CONDE Orellana]; Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENGRO]; Grand National Alliance or GANA [Alfredo VILLA];
Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Hector NUILA]; Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; National Advancement Party or PAN [Ruben Dario MORALES]; National Unity for Hope or UNE [Alvaro COLOM Caballeros];
National Well-Being or BIEN [Fidel REYES]; New Nation Alliance or ANN [Pablo MONSANTO]; Patriot Party or PP [Ret. Gen. Otto PEREZ Molina]; Progressive Libertarian Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES]; Reform Movement or MR [Juan Jose CABRERA Alonso]; Unionista Party or PU [Fritz GARCIA]; Unity of National Change or UCN [Sidney SHAW]; Social Democratic Party of Guatemala or PSG [Roger VALENZUELA]
Political pressure groups and leaders
- Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO;
- Alliance Against Impunity or AAI;
- Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC;
- Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF;
- Mutual Support Group or GAM
International organization participation
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Guillermo CASTILLO
- chancery:
- 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 745-4952
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 745-1908
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Providence, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador James M. DERHAM
- embassy:
- 7-01 Avenida Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City
- mailing address:
- APO AA 34024
- telephone:
- [502] 2326-4000
- FAX:
- [502] 2326-4654
Flag description
- three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
- the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath
Economy
Guatemala is the largest and most populous of the Central American countries with a GDP per capita roughly one-half that of Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
45 fieldsGDP - composition by sector(2006 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
Electricity
Economy - overview
Guatemala is the largest and most populous of the Central American countries with a GDP per capita roughly one-half that of Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The agricultural sector accounts for about one-fourth of GDP, two-fifths of exports, and half of the labor force. Coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products.
The 1996 signing of peace accords, which ended 36 years of civil war, removed a major obstacle to foreign investment, and Guatemala since then has pursued important reforms and macroeconomic stabilization. On 1 July 2006, the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) entered in to force between the US and Guatemala.
The distribution of income remains highly unequal with about 56% of the population below the poverty line. Other ongoing challenges include increasing government revenues, negotiating further assistance from international donors, upgrading both government and private financial operations, curtailing drug trafficking, and narrowing the trade deficit.
Remittances from a large expatriate community that moved to the United States during the war have become the primary source of foreign income, exceeding the total value of exports and tourism combined.
Agriculture - products
sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom; cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens
Imports - commodities
fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, grain, fertilizers, electricity
Exchange rates
quetzales per US dollar - 7.6026 (2006), 7.6339 (2005), 7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003), 7.8217 (2002)
Communications
8 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- fairly modern network centered in the city of Guatemala
- domestic:
- state-owned telecommunications company privatized in the late 1990s opening the way for competition;
- fixed-line teledensity 11 per 100 persons;
- mobile-cellular teledensity approaching 60 per 100 persons
- international:
- country code - 502;
- landing point for both the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and the SAM-1 fiber optic submarine cable system that together provide connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US;
- connected to Central American Microwave System;
- satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Transportation
8 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Waterways
990 km note: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water season (2007)
Military
Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force
6 fieldsMilitary service age and obligation
- all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 50 are liable for military service;
- conscript service obligation varies from 12 to 24 months;
- women can serve as officers (2007)
Manpower available for military service
- males age 18-49:
- 2,429,033
- females age 18-49:
- 2,503,482 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually
- males age 18-49:
- 134,032
- females age 18-49:
- 130,641 (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsDisputes - international
- annual ministerial meetings under the OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures continue to address Guatemalan land and maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea;
- the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region;
- Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: undetermined (estimates vary from none to 1 million displaced from government's scorched-earth offensive in 1980s against indigenous people) (2006)
Illicit drugs
- major transit country for cocaine and heroin;
- in 2005, cultivated 100 hectares of opium poppy after reemerging as a potential source of opium in 2004;
- potential production of less than 1 metric ton of pure heroin;
- marijuana cultivation for mostly domestic consumption;
- proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging area for drugs (particularly for cocaine);
- money laundering is a serious problem;
- corruption is a major problem
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Guatemala.” The World Factbook 2007. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/guatemala/2007.