Guinea-Bissau
Republic of Guinea-BissauRepublica da Guine-Bissau
semi-presidential republicIndependence 24 September 1973 (declared)
Guinea-Bissau as the 2022 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 157 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.
No fields match. Try a shorter word.
Introduction
1 fieldBackground
For much of its history, Guinea-Bissau was under the control of the Mali Empire and the Kaabu Kingdom. In the 16th century, Portugal began establishing trading posts along Guinea-Bissau’s shoreline. Initially, the Portuguese were restricted to the coastline and islands. However, the slave and gold trades were lucrative to local African leaders, and the Portuguese were slowly able to expand their power and influence inland. Starting in the 18th century, the Mali Empire and Kingdom of Kaabu slowly disintegrated into smaller local entities. By the 19th century, Portugal had fully incorporated Guinea-Bissau into its empire.
Since gaining independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. VIEIRA's regime suppressed political opposition and purged political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In May 1999, a military mutiny and civil war led to VIEIRA's ouster.
In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA. In September 2003, a bloodless military coup overthrew YALA and installed businessman Henrique ROSA as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was reelected, pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. In June 2009, Malam Bacai SANHA was elected president, but he passed away in January 2012 from a long-term illness.
In April 2012, a military coup prevented the second-round of the presidential election from taking place. Following mediation from the Economic Community of Western African States, a civilian transitional government assumed power. In 2014, Jose Mario VAZ was elected president after a free and fair election. In June 2019, VAZ became the first president in Guinea-Bissau’s history to complete a full presidential term. Umaro Sissoco EMBALO was elected president in December 2019, but he did not take office until February 2020 because of a prolonged challenge to the election results.
Geography
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Senegal
18 fieldsLand useshare of 36,125 sq km
Climate
- tropical;
- generally hot and humid;
- monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
- dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Terrain
- mostly low-lying coastal plain with a deeply indented estuarine coastline rising to savanna in east;
- numerous off-shore islands including the Arquipelago Dos Bijagos consisting of 18 main islands and many small islets
Natural resources
fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum
Population distribution
- approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast;
- the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map
People and Society
36 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2020 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2022 est.)
Male · female
Ethnic groups(2015 est.)
Religions(2020 est.)
Languages
Portuguese-based Creole, Portuguese (official; largely used as a second or third language), Pular (a Fula language), Mandingo
Demographic profile
Guinea-Bissau’s young and growing population is sustained by high fertility; approximately 60% of the population is under the age of 25. Its large reproductive-age population and total fertility rate of more than 4 children per woman offsets the country’s high infant and maternal mortality rates.
The latter is among the world’s highest because of the prevalence of early childbearing, a lack of birth spacing, the high percentage of births outside of health care facilities, and a shortage of medicines and supplies.
Guinea-Bissau’s history of political instability, a civil war, and several coups (the latest in 2012) have resulted in a fragile state with a weak economy, high unemployment, rampant corruption, widespread poverty, and thriving drug and child trafficking. With the country lacking educational infrastructure, school funding and materials, and qualified teachers, and with the cultural emphasis placed on religious education, parents frequently send boys to study in residential Koranic schools (daaras) in Senegal and The Gambia.
They often are extremely deprived and are forced into street begging or agricultural work by marabouts (Muslim religious teachers), who enrich themselves at the expense of the children. Boys who leave their marabouts often end up on the streets of Dakar or other large Senegalese towns and are vulnerable to even worse abuse.
Some young men lacking in education and job prospects become involved in the flourishing international drug trade. Local drug use and associated violent crime are growing.
Population distribution
- approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast;
- the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.03 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.01 male(s)/female
- 15-24 years:
- 0.96 male(s)/female
- 25-54 years:
- 0.91 male(s)/female
- 55-64 years:
- 1.1 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.7 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk:
- very high (2020)
- food or waterborne diseases:
- bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne diseases:
- malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever
- water contact diseases:
- schistosomiasis
- animal contact diseases:
- rabies
note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Guinea-Bissau is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus ;
this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series;
before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Alcohol consumption per capita
- total:
- 3.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- beer:
- 0.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- wine:
- 0.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- spirits:
- 0.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- other alcohols:
- 1.28 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Child marriage
- women married by age 15:
- 8.1%
- women married by age 18:
- 25.7%
- men married by age 18:
- 2.2% (2019 est.)
Environment
13 fieldsLand use(2018 est.)
Environment - current issues
- deforestation (rampant felling of trees for timber and agricultural purposes);
- soil erosion;
- overgrazing;
- overfishing
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants
- particulate matter emissions:
- 27.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
- carbon dioxide emissions:
- 0.29 megatons (2016 est.)
- methane emissions:
- 1.46 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate
- tropical;
- generally hot and humid;
- monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds;
- dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Urbanization
- urban population:
- 45.5% of total population (2023)
- rate of urbanization:
- 3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk:
- very high (2020)
- food or waterborne diseases:
- bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
- vectorborne diseases:
- malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever
- water contact diseases:
- schistosomiasis
- animal contact diseases:
- rabies
note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Guinea-Bissau is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus ;
this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series;
before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Total water withdrawal
- municipal:
- 34.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
- industrial:
- 11.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
- agricultural:
- 144 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Government
Semi-presidential republic; President Umaro Sissoko EMBALO (since 27 February 2020); Prime Minister Nuno NABIAM (since 27 February 2020)
21 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional Popular, 102 seatsone dot, one seat
Percent of vote
Composition: men 88, women 14, percent of women 13.7%
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Guinea-Bissau
- conventional short form:
- Guinea-Bissau
- local long form:
- Republica da Guine-Bissau
- local short form:
- Guine-Bissau
- former:
- Portuguese Guinea
- etymology:
- the country is named after the Guinea region of West Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea and stretches north to the Sahel;
- "Bissau," the name of the capital city, distinguishes the country from neighboring Guinea
Capital
- name:
- Bissau
- geographic coordinates:
- 11 51 N, 15 35 W
- time difference:
- UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- etymology:
- the meaning of Bissau is uncertain, it might be an alternative name for the Papel people who live in the area of the city of Bissau
Administrative divisions
9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama/Bijagos, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali
Constitution
- history:
- promulgated 16 May 1984;
- note - constitution suspended following military coup April 2012, restored 2014;
- note - in May 2020, President EMBALO established a commission to draft a revised constitution
- amendments:
- proposed by the National People’s Assembly if supported by at least one third of its members, by the Council of State (a presidential consultant body), or by the government;
- passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly;
- constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government and national sovereignty cannot be amended;
- amended 1991, 1993, 1996
Legal system
mixed legal system of civil law, which incorporated Portuguese law at independence and influenced by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), African Francophone Public Law, and customary law
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
- citizenship by birth:
- yes
- citizenship by descent only:
- yes
- dual citizenship recognized:
- no
- residency requirement for naturalization:
- 5 years
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Umaro Sissoko EMBALO (since 27 February 2020);
- note - President EMBALO was declared winner of the 29 December 2019 runoff presidential election by the electoral commission, in late February 2020, EMBALO inaugurated himself with only military leadership present, even though the Supreme Court of Justice had yet to rule on an electoral litigation appeal lodged by his political rival Domingos Simoes PEREIRA
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Nuno NABIAM (since 27 February 2020)
- cabinet:
- Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for up to 2 consecutive 5-year terms;
- election last held on 24 November 2019 with a runoff on 29 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024);
- prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the National People's Assembly;
- note - the president cannot apply for a third consecutive term
- election results:
- Umaro Sissoco EMBALO elected president in second round;
- percent of vote in first round - Domingos Simoes PEREIRA (PAIGC) 40.1%, Umaro Sissoco EMBALO (Madem G15) 27.7%, Nuno Gomez NABIAM (APU-PDGB) 13.2%, Jose Mario VAZ (independent) 12.4%, other 6.6%;
- percent of vote in second round - Umaro Sissoco EMBALO 53.6%, Domingos Simoes PEREIRA 46.5% (2019)
Legislative branch
- description:
- unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional Popular (102 seats; 100 members directly elected in 27 multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote and 2 elected in single-seat constituencies for citizens living abroad (Africa 1, Europe 1 ); all members serve 4-year terms)
- elections:
- note: President dissolved parliament on 16 May 2022 and decreed new elections for 18 December 2022; last held on 10 March 2019 (next to be held in March 2023)
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - PAIGC 35.2%, Madem G-15 21.1%, PRS 21.1%, other 22.6%;
- seats by party - PAIGC 47, Madem G-15 27, PRS 21, other 7;
- composition - men 88, women 14, percent of women 13.7%
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 9 judges and organized into Civil, Criminal, and Social and Administrative Disputes Chambers);
- note - the Supreme Court has both appellate and constitutional jurisdiction
- judge selection and term of office:
- judges nominated by the Higher Council of the Magistrate, a major government organ responsible for judge appointments, dismissals, and judiciary discipline;
- judges appointed by the president for life
- subordinate courts:
- Appeals Court;
- regional (first instance) courts;
- military court
Political parties and leaders
- African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde or PAIGC [Domingos SIMOES PEREIRA]
- Democratic Convergence Party or PCD [Vicente FERNANDES]
- Movement for Democratic Alternation Group of 15 or MADEM-G15 [Braima CAMARA]
- National People’s Assembly – Democratic Party of Guinea Bissau or APU-PDGB [Nuno Gomes NABIAM]
- New Democracy Party or PND [Mamadu Iaia DJALO]
- Party for Social Renewal or PRS [Alberto NAMBEIA]
- Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID [Aristides GOMES]
- Union for Change or UM [Agnelo REGALA]
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: none; note - Guinea-Bissau does not have official representation in Washington, DC
Diplomatic representation from the US
- embassy:
- the US Embassy suspended operations on 14 June 1998;
- the US Ambassador to Senegal is accredited to Guinea-Bissau;
- US diplomatic representation in Guinea-Bissau is conducted through the US Embassy in Dakar and the Guinea-Bissau Liaison Office located in Bissau
- mailing address:
- 2080 Bissau Place, Washington DC 20521-2080
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://gw.usmission.gov/
Flag description
- two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side;
- there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band;
- yellow symbolizes the sun;
- green denotes hope;
- red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence;
- the black star stands for African unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanaian flag
National anthem
- name:
- "Esta e a Nossa Patria Bem Amada" (This Is Our Beloved Country)
- lyrics/music:
- Amilcar Lopes CABRAL/XIAO He
note: adopted 1974; a delegation from then Portuguese Guinea visited China in 1963 and heard music by XIAO He; Amilcar Lopes CABRAL, the leader of Guinea-Bissau's independence movement,
asked the composer to create a piece that would inspire his people to struggle for independence
Economy
Guinea-Bissau is highly dependent on subsistence agriculture, cashew nut exports, and foreign assistance.
33 fieldsGDP - composition, by sector of origin(2017 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
By end use% of GDP · (2017 est.)
Budget(2017 est.)
Economic overview
Guinea-Bissau is highly dependent on subsistence agriculture, cashew nut exports, and foreign assistance. Two out of three Bissau-Guineans remain below the absolute poverty line. The legal economy is based on cashews and fishing. Illegal logging and trafficking in narcotics also play significant roles.
The combination of limited economic prospects, weak institutions, and favorable geography have made this West African country a way station for drugs bound for Europe.
Guinea-Bissau has substantial potential for development of mineral resources, including phosphates, bauxite, and mineral sands. Offshore oil and gas exploration has begun. The country’s climate and soil make it feasible to grow a wide range of cash crops, fruit, vegetables, and tubers; however, cashews generate more than 80% of export receipts and are the main source of income for many rural communities.
The government was deposed in August 2015, and since then, a political stalemate has resulted in weak governance and reduced donor support.
The country is participating in a three-year, IMF extended credit facility program that was suspended because of a planned bank bailout. The program was renewed in 2017, but the major donors of direct budget support (the EU, World Bank, and African Development Bank) have halted their programs indefinitely.
Diversification of the economy remains a key policy goal, but Guinea-Bissau’s poor infrastructure and business climate will constrain this effort.
Agricultural products
rice, cashew nuts, roots/tubers nes, oil palm fruit, plantains, cassava, groundnuts, vegetables, coconuts, fruit
Exports
$290 million (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $380 million (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports
$500 million (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars; $460 million (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$356.4 million (31 December 2017 est.) · $349.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 605.3 (2017 est.) · 593.01 (2016 est.) · 593.01 (2015 est.) · 591.45 (2014 est.) · 494.42 (2013 est.)
Energy
11 fieldsElectrification% of population · (2019)
Installed generating capacity, 28,000 kW(2020 est.)
Coal
- production:
- 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
- consumption:
- 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
- exports:
- 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
- imports:
- 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum
- total petroleum production:
- 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
- refined petroleum consumption:
- 2,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)
- crude oil and lease condensate exports:
- 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
- crude oil and lease condensate imports:
- 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
- crude oil estimated reserves:
- 0 barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
- production:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- consumption:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- exports:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- imports:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
342,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from coal and metallurgical coke:
- 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from petroleum and other liquids:
- 342,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
- from consumed natural gas:
- 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Communications
6 fieldsPer 100 inhabitants(2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems
- general assessment:
- small system including a combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, radiotelephone, and mobile cellular communications;
- 2 mobile network operators;
- one of the poorest countries in the world and this is reflected in the country's telecommunications development;
- radio is the most important source of information for the public (2020)
- domestic:
- fixed-line teledensity less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile cellular teledensity is just over 97 per 100 persons (2020)
- international:
- country code - 245; ACE submarine cable connecting Guinea-Bissau with 20 landing points in Western and South Africa and Europe (2019)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production;
progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media
- 1 state-owned TV station, Televisao da Guine-Bissau (TGB) and a second station, Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) Africa, is operated by Portuguese public broadcaster (RTP);
- 1 state-owned radio station, several private radio stations, and some community radio stations;
- multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)
Transportation
8 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Waterways
1,367 km (2022) major rivers Geba- 550km, Corubal 560 km, Cacheu 257 km (rivers are partially navigable; many inlets and creeks provide shallow-water access to much of interior)
Military and Security
6 fieldsPersonnel strengthsone square, 100 people · (2022)
Military and security forces
- People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP):
- Army, Navy, Air Force; Ministry of Internal Administration: Guard Nacional (a gendarmerie force), Public Order Police, Border Police, Rapid Intervention Police, Maritime Police (2022)
note: the Public Order Police is responsible for maintaining law and order, while the Judicial Police, under the Ministry of Justice, has primary responsibility for investigating drug trafficking, terrorism, and other transnational crimes
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
- the FARP is poorly armed with an inventory consisting of Soviet-era equipment, much of which is reportedly unserviceable;
- the only reported deliveries of military equipment since 2015 were patrol boats from Spain in 2017 and non-lethal equipment from China in 2015;
- Guinea-Bissau has also discussed acquiring military equipment with Indonesia (2022)
Military service age and obligation
- 18-25 years of age for selective compulsory military service (Air Force service is voluntary);
- 16 years of age or younger, with parental consent, for voluntary service (2022)
Military - note
- from 2012-2020, the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) deployed a security force to Guinea-Bissau to manage the post-coup transition, including protecting key political figures and public buildings, restoring civil institutions, and re-establishing the rule of law;
- at the height of the deployment, the force, known as the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau (ECOMIB), deployed nearly 700 military and police personnel from Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal (2022)
Transnational Issues
4 fieldsDisputes - international
a longstanding low-grade conflict continues in parts of Casamance, in Senegal across the border; some rebels use Guinea-Bissau as a safe haven
Trafficking in persons
- tier rating:
- Tier 2 Watch List — Guinea-Bissau does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so;
- efforts include identifying forced child begging victims, cooperating with Moroccan authorities on international crime investigations, and approving a new action plan;
- yet, the government has not convicted a trafficker, identified fewer trafficking victims, and lacked resources or the political will to fight trafficking or to enact its action plan, which would meet minimum standards;
- Guinea-Bissau was granted a waiver under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from downgrade to Tier 3 (2020)
- trafficking profile:
- Guinea-Bissau is a country of origin and destination for children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking;
- the scope of the problem of trafficking women or men for forced labor or forced prostitution is unknown;
- boys reportedly were transported to southern Senegal for forced manual and agricultural labor;
- girls may be subjected to forced domestic service and child prostitution in Senegal and Guinea;
- both boys and girls are forced to work as street vendors in cities in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal
Illicit drugs
- important transit country for South American cocaine en route to Europe;
- enabling environment for trafficker operations due to pervasive corruption;
- archipelago-like geography near the capital facilitates drug smuggling
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Guinea-Bissau.” The World Factbook 2022. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/guinea-bissau/2022.