The CIA World Factbook Every edition, 1990 to 2025 Middle East
Exchange rates Iran, in 36 editions.
The entry for Iran published Exchange rates in 36 editions of 36, from 1990 to 2025. The text changed in 30 editions. Each is shown as published. Exchange rates in every entry.
- editions changed the text
- 30
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Currency” (1990 to 2004), “Exchange rates” (1990 to 2025), “Currency code” (2001 to 2004) and “Currency (code)” (2005 to 2008).
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe edition shownChoose an edition on the strip beside the text, or step through them with the arrows. Mark changes compares it with the edition before: the marks are ours, words added and words removed.
2025 edition
Same as 2024Published as “Currency”
- Iranian rial (plural--rials);
- 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars;
- note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural--tomans), which equals 10 rials
Published as “Exchange rates”
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--70.019 (January 1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985)
Iranian rial (plural--rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural--tomans), which equals 10 rials
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--70.019 (January 1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985)
Published as “Currency”
- Iranian rial (plural--rials);
- 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars;
- note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural--tomans), which equals 10 rials
Published as “Exchange rates”
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--64.941 (January 1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985) at the official rate; black market rate 1,400 (January 1991)
Iranian rial (plural--rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural--tomans), which equals 10 rials
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--70.019 US$1--64.941 (January 1990), 1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985) at the official rate; black market rate 1,400 (January 1991)
Published as “Currency”
- Iranian rial (plural - rials);
- 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars;
- note - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural - tomans), which equals 10 rials
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 (January 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987);
- note - black-market rate 1,400 (January 1991)
Iranian rial (plural--rials); (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note--domestic note -
domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural--tomans), (plural -
tomans), which equals 10 rials
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--64.941 US$1 - 65.515 (January 1991), 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096
(1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987), 78.760 (1986), 91.052 (1985) at the official rate; black market (1987); note - black-market
rate 1,400 (January 1991)
Published as “Currency”
1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomans
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 67.095 (January 1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988);
- black-market rate 1,400 (January 1991);
- note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials per dollar
Iranian rial (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note - 10
domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural -
tomans), which equalsrials tomans
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 67.095 (January 1992), 1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505
(1991), 68.096(1988), 71.460 (1987); note - (1988); black-market
(January 1991) 1991); note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new
single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials
per dollar
Published as “Currency”
1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomans
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,748.86 (January 1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991);
- note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials per dollar;
- there is also a black market rate of 2200 rials per US$1 (December 1993)
1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomans
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 67.095 1,748.86 (January 1993), 1994), 1,267.77
(1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505
(1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988); black-market rate 1,400
(January 1991);
government announced a new
new official rate of 1,538 rials per dollar; there is also a black
market rate of 2200 rials per dollar US$1 (December 1993)
Published as “Currency”
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Published as “Exchange rates”
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,749.04 (January 1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991); black
- market rate:
- 3,000 rials per US$1 (December 1994)
1 10 Iranian rial rials (IR) = 10 tomans 1 toman; note - domestic figures are
generally referred to in terms of the toman
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,748.86 1,749.04 (January 1994), 1,267.77 1995),
1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991); note - in March 1993 the Iranian black
government announced a new single-parity exchange rate system with a
new official rate of 1,538 rials per dollar; there is also a
market rate of 2200 rate: 3,000 rials per US$1 (December 1993) 1994)
Published as “Currency”
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,750 (January 1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.55 (1992), 67.51 (1991);
- black market rate: 4,000 rials per US$1 (December 1995);
- note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, wheras the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are
are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,749.04 1,750 (January 1995),
1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.552 65.55
(1992), 67.505 67.51 (1991); black3,000 4,000 rials per US$1
(December 1994) 1995); note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750
rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services
and for oil exports, wheras the "official export rate" of 3,000
rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered
by the official rate
Published as “Currency”
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,755.12 (January 1997), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.55 (1992);
- black market rate: 4,600 rials per US$1 (March 1997);
- note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures
generally referred to in terms of the toman
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,750 1,755.12 (January 1997),1996), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.55(1992), 67.51 (1991); 65.55 (1992); black market rate: 4,000 4,600 rials per US$1 (March 1997);(December 1995); note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750
used for imports of essential goods and serviceswheras
whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000
non-oil exports and imports not covered
Published as “Currency”
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note-domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1-1,752.14 (January 1998), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993);
- black market rate: 4,600 rials per US$1 (March 1997);
- note-as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic note-domestic figures are
generally referred to in terms of the toman
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,755.12 US$1-1,752.14 (January 1997), 1998),
1,750.76 (1996), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993),65.55 (1992); 1,267.77 (1993); black market rate: 4,600 rials per US$1 (March 1997);note - as note-as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is
used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports,
whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for
non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate
Published as “Currency”
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--1,754.63 (January 1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994);
- black market rate: 7,000 rials per US$1 (December 1998);
- note--as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note-domestic note--domestic figures are
are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1-1,752.14 US$1--1,754.63 (January 1998),1,750.76 (1996), 1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93
(1995), 1,748.75 (1994), (1994); black market rate:
1,267.77 (1993);4,600 7,000 rials per US$1 (March 1997);note-as (December 1998); note--as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750
rials per US$1 is
and for oil exports,
rials per US$1 is used for
by the official rate
Published as “Currency”
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,754.90 (January 2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93 (1995);
- black market rate: 7,000 rials per US$1 (December 1998);
- note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate
10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note--domestic note - domestic figures
Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--1,754.63 US$1 - 1,754.90 (January
1999),
(1995), 1,748.75 (1994);note--as note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750
Published as “Currency”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Currency code”
IRR
Published as “Exchange rates”
- Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996) note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates;
- the averages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of 1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per US dollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages 7,863 rials per US dollar;
- the market rate averages 8,615 rials per US dollar
Rewritten: too little of the 2000 text remains to mark the changes.
Iranian rial (IRR)
IRR
Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996) note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates; the averages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of 1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per US dollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages 7,863 rials per US dollar; the market rate averages 8,615 rials per US dollar
Published as “Currency”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Currency code”
IRR
Published as “Exchange rates”
- from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system;
- one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;
- in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Rewritten: too little of the 2001 text remains to mark the changes.
Iranian rial (IRR)
IRR
from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar; in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Published as “Currency”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Currency code”
IRR
Published as “Exchange rates”
rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)
note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar; in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Iranian rial (IRR)
IRR
rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)
note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar; in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Published as “Currency”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Currency code”
IRR
Published as “Exchange rates”
rials per US dollar - 8,193.89 (2003), 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002.
Iranian rial (IRR)
IRR
rials per US dollar - 8,193.89 (2003), 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998) (1999)
note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had has been using a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official managed floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar; rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar 2002.
Published as “Currency (code)”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Exchange rates”
rials per US dollar - 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), 1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.4 (2000)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rial (IRR)IRRrials per US dollar - 8,193.89 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,906.96 6,907 (2002), 1,753.56 1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999) 1,764.4 (2000)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002. 2002
Published as “Currency (code)”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Exchange rates”
rials per US dollar - 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), 1,753.6 (2001)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rial (IRR)
rials per US dollar - 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), 1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.4 (2000) (2001)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Published as “Currency (code)”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Exchange rates”
rials per US dollar - 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rial (IRR)
rials per US dollar - 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002), 1,753.6 (2001) (2002)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Published as “Currency (code)”
Iranian rial (IRR)
Published as “Exchange rates”
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002) (2003)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,142.8 (2008 est.), 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rial (IRR) rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,142.8 (2008 est.), 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614
Iranian(2004), 8,193.9 (2003) (2004)
note:
Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 10,308.2 (2010), 9,864.3 (2009), 9,142.8 (2008), 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006)
Rewritten: too little of the 2009 text remains to mark the changes.
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 10,308.2 (2010), 9,864.3 (2009), 9,142.8 (2008), 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
10,308.2 (2010)
- 9,864.3 (2009)
- 9,142.8 (2008)
- 9,407.5 (2007)
- 9,227.1 (2006)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
10,308.2 (2010), (2010)
9,864.3 (2009), (2009)
9,142.8 (2008), (2008)
9,407.5 (2007), (2007)
9,227.1 (2006)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
12,260 (2012 est.)
- 10,616.3 (2011 est.)
- 10,254.18 (2010 est.)
- 9,864.3 (2009)
- 9,142.8 (2008)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -10,308.2 (2010) 12,260 (2012 est.)
10,616.3 (2011 est.)
10,254.18 (2010 est.)
9,864.3 (2009)
9,142.8 (2008)
9,407.5 (2007)
9,227.1 (2006)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
12,175.5 (2012 est.)
- 10,616.3 (2011 est.)
- 10,254.18 (2010 est.)
- 9,864.3 (2009)
- 9,142.8 (2008)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -12,260 12,175.5 (2012 est.)
10,616.3 (2011 est.)
10,254.18 (2010 est.)
9,864.3 (2009)
9,142.8 (2008)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
18,517.2 (2013 est.)
- 12,175.5 (2012 est.)
- 10,254.18 (2010 est.)
- 9,864.3 (2009)
- 9,142.8 (2008)
note: Iran devalued its currency in July 2013
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -12,175.5 (2012 18,517.2 (2013 est.)10,616.3 (2011 12,175.5 (2012 est.)
10,254.18 (2010 est.)
9,864.3 (2009)
9,142.8 (2008)
note:
Iran devalued its currency in July 2013
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
25,780.2 (2014 est.)
- 18,414.4 (2013 est.)
- 12,175.5 (2012 est.)
- 10,616.3 (2011 est.)
- 10,254.18 (2010 est.)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -18,517.2 25,780.2 (2014 est.)
18,414.4 (2013 est.)
12,175.5 (2012 est.)
10,616.3 (2011 est.)
10,254.18 (2010 est.)
9,864.3 (2009)
9,142.8 (2008)
note:
Iran devalued its currency in July 2013
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
29,011.5 (2015 est.)
- 25,941.7 (2014 est.)
- 25,912 (2013 est.)
- 12,176 (2012 est.)
- 10,616 (2011 est.)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -25,780.2 29,011.5 (2015 est.)
25,941.7 (2014 est.)18,414.4 25,912 (2013 est.)12,175.5 12,176 (2012 est.)10,616.3 10,616 (2011 est.) est.)
10,254.18 (2010
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
30,914.9 (2016 est.)
- 30,914.9 (2015 est.)
- 29,011.5 (2014 est.)
- 25,912 (2013 est.)
- 12,176 (2012 est.)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -29,011.5 30,914.9 (2016 est.)
30,914.9 (2015 est.)25,941.7 29,011.5 (2014 est.)
25,912 (2013 est.)
12,176 (2012 est.) est.)
10,616 (2011
The same text in 5 editions, 2018 to 2022.
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
32,769.7 (2017 est.)
- 30,914.9 (2016 est.)
- 30,914.9 (2015 est.)
- 29,011.5 (2014 est.)
- 25,912 (2013 est.)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
32,769.7 (2017 est.)
30,914.9 (2016 est.)
30,914.9 (2015 est.)
29,011.5 (2014 est.)
25,912 (2013 est.) est.)
12,176 (2012
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
42,000 (2021 est.)
- 42,000 (2020 est.)
- 42,000 (2019 est.)
- 40,864.329 (2018 est.)
- 33,226.298 (2017 est.)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -32,769.7 (2017 42,000 (2021 est.)30,914.9 (2016 42,000 (2020 est.)30,914.9 (2015 42,000 (2019 est.)29,011.5 (2014 40,864.329 (2018 est.)25,912 (2013 33,226.298 (2017 est.)
The same text in 2024 and 2025.
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
42,000 (2023 est.)
- 42,000 (2022 est.)
- 42,000 (2021 est.)
- 42,000 (2020 est.)
- 42,000 (2019 est.)
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -
42,000 (2021 (2023 est.)
42,000 (2020 (2022 est.)
42,000 (2019 (2021 est.)40,864.329 (2018 42,000 (2020 est.)33,226.298 (2017 42,000 (2019 est.)
No edition has those words. Try a shorter word.
Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. “Iran: Exchange rates.” The World Factbook, 1990–2025 editions. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/iran/exchange-rates.