Mauritania

Islamic Republic of Mauritania conventional short form: Mauritania local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah local short form: Muritaniyah

republicIndependence 28 November 1960 (from France)

Mauritania as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 113 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalNouakchott

Position20 00 N, 12 00 W

Area1,030,700 sq km land: 1,030,400 sq km water: 300 sq km

LocationNorthern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara

Populationas each edition published it

2.75 million July 2001 est. · 1.93m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.93% 2001 est. · 3.14% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 16.9 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

51.14 years 2001 est. · 47.59 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

6.22 children per woman 2001 est. · 7.3 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

76.7 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 96 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$2,000 2000 est. · $555 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

5% 2000 est. · 3% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991. Two multiparty presidential elections since then were widely seen as being flawed; Mauritania remains, in reality, a one-party state. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions between its black minority population and the dominant Maur (Arab-Berber) populace.

Geography

Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara

18 fields

Coastline

754km

contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Irrigated land

490sq km

(1993 est.)

Location

Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara

Geographic coordinates

20 00 N, 12 00 W

Map references

Africa

Area

total: 1,030,700 sq km land: 1,030,400 sq km water: 300 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 5,074 km border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km

Climate

desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Terrain

mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Sebkha de Ndrhamcha -3 m highest point: Kediet Ijill 910 m

Natural resources

iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold

Land use

arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 38% forests and woodland: 4% other: 58% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues

overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification;
very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Senegal which is the only perennial river

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

most of the population concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country

People

18 fields

Population

2,747,312

(July 2001 est.)growth rate: 2.93% (2001 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth

42.95Death

13.65Net migration

Ethnic groups

mixed Maur/black 40%Maur 30%black 30%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.8%

(2000 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 46.14% (male 634,940; female 632,654) 15-64 years: 51.59% (male 698,433; female 718,883) 65 years and over: 2.27% (male 25,840; female 36,562) (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

76.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 51.14 years male: 49.06 years female: 53.29 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.22 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

6,600 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

610 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Mauritanian(s) adjective: Mauritanian

Religions

Muslim 100%

Languages

Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official), French

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 46.7% male: 53.4% female: 40% (1998 est.)

Government

Republic

20 fields

Legislature, 79 seatsone dot, one seat

PRDS 71AC 1independents and other 7

Country name

conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania conventional short form: Mauritania local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah local short form: Muritaniyah

Government type

republic

Capital

Nouakchott

Administrative divisions

12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district*;
Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza

Independence

28 November 1960 (from France)

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

Constitution

12 July 1991

Legal system

a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984) head of government: Prime Minister Cheik El Avia Ould Mohamed KHOUNA (since 17 November 1998) cabinet: Council of Ministers elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 12 December 1997 (next to be held NA December 2003); prime minister appointed by the president election results: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected with 90.9% of the vote

Legislative branch

bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats; 17 up for election every two years; members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (79 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 17 April 1998 (next to be held NA 2001);
National Assembly - last held 11 and 18 October 1996 (next to be held NA 2001) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - NA;
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PRDS 71, AC 1, independents and other 7

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
Court of Appeals;
lower courts

Political parties and leaders

Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Assembly for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA]; Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party) [President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID];

National Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA]; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress Alliance or APP [Mohamed El Hafed Ould ISMAEL]; Popular Social and Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH];

Progress Force Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MOLOUD]; Union for Progress and Democracy or UNDD [Naha Mint MOUKNASS] note: parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991; however, politics continue to be tribally based

Political pressure groups and leaders

Arab nationalists;
Ba'athists;
General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general];
Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE];
Islamists;
Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

International organization participation

ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed Ben Khalifa BEN JIDOU chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700

FAX

[1] (202) 319-2623

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador John W. LIMBERT embassy: Rue Abdallaye, Nouakchott mailing address: B. P. 222, Nouakchott telephone: [222] 25-26-60, 25-26-63

FAX

[222] 25-15-92

Flag description

green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent;
the closed side of the crescent is down;
the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

Economy

32 fields

Real growth rate

(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 2.2% (1999)

Inflation, consumer prices

4.5%

(2000 est.)

Unemployment rate

23%

(1995 est.)

Population below poverty line

50%

(1996 est.)

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

17%

France

27%

18%

Japan

16%

Italy

11%

Spain

Benelux

Germany

Exports $333 million (f.o.b., 1999)Imports $305 million (f.o.b., 1999)(1998)

Electricity

Electricity production

151 million (1999)Electricity consumption

140.4 million (1999)

Economy - overview

A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for half of total exports.

The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986.

In the past, drought and economic mismanagement have resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In March 1999, the government signed an agreement with a joint World Bank-IMF mission on a $54 million enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF). Mauritania withdrew its membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 2000.

Privatization and debt relief are in full swing, and the rate of economic growth appears to be accelerating, especially in the construction, telecommunication, and information sectors. Diamonds and petroleum are beginning to be explored and exploited.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $5.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 25% industry: 31% services: 44% (1997)

Labor force

750,000 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 47%, services 39%, industry 14%

Budget

revenues: $329 million expenditures: $265 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (1996 est.)

Industries

fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 82.78% hydro: 17.22% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Agriculture - products

dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn, dates; cattle, sheep

Exports

$333 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Exports - commodities

iron ore, fish and fish products, gold

Imports

$305 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods

Debt - external

$2.1 billion (1999)

Economic aid - recipient

$300 million (1998)

Currency

ouguiya (MRO)

Currency code

MRO

Exchange rates

ouguiyas per US dollar - 250.870 (December 2000), 238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998), 151.853 (1997), 137.222 (1996)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields

Internet users

(2000)

Fixed lines

26,000

(2000) · country code .mr

Telephones - mobile cellular

Telephone system

general assessment:: limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made) domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines;
a recently completed domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat