South Africa

Republic of South Africa conventional short form: South Africa former: Union of South Africa abbreviation: RSA

republicIndependence 31 May 1910 (from UK)

South Africa as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 118 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalPretoria
Position29 00 S, 24 00 E
Area1,219,912 sq km land: 1,219,912 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)
LocationSouthern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
2001

Every edition of South Africa

Populationas each edition published it
43.59 million July 2001 est. · 39.55m in 1990
Population growth% a year
0.26% 2001 est. · 2.63% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 24.5 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
48.09 years 2001 est. · 64.81 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
2.43 children per woman 2001 est. · 4.5 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
60.33 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 52 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$8,500 2000 est. · $2,800 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
3% 2000 est. · -2% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments, but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). The resulting Union of South Africa operated under a policy of apartheid - the separate development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to apartheid politically and ushered in black majority rule.

Geography

Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

18 fields
Coastline
2,798km
contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Irrigated land
12,700sq km
(1993 est.)

Location

Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Geographic coordinates

29 00 S, 24 00 E

Area

total: 1,219,912 sq km land: 1,219,912 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)

Land boundaries

total: 4,750 km border countries: Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 855 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km

Climate

  • mostly semiarid;
  • subtropical along east coast;
  • sunny days, cool nights

Terrain

vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m

Natural resources

gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas

Land use

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 67% forests and woodland: 7% other: 15% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

prolonged droughts

Environment - current issues

  • lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures;
  • growth in water usage threatens to outpace supply;
  • pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge;
  • air pollution resulting in acid rain;
  • soil erosion;
  • desertification

Environment - international agreements

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland

People

18 fields

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth
21.12Death
16.77Net migration
-1.73

Ethnic groups

black 75.2%white 13.6%Colored 8.6%Indian 2.6%

Religions

Christian 68% (includes most whites and Coloreds, about 60% of blacks and about 40% of Indians)Muslim 2%Hindu 1.5% (60% of Indians)indigenous beliefs and animist 28.5%

Population

  • 43,586,097 note: South Africa took a census October 1996 which showed a population of 40,583,611 (after an official adjustment for a 6.8% underenumeration based on a postenumeration survey);
  • estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS;
  • this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 32.01% (male 7,023,639; female 6,928,559) 15-64 years: 63.11% (male 13,264,654; female 14,244,484) 65 years and over: 4.88% (male 798,914; female 1,325,847) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate

0.26% (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

60.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 48.09 years male: 47.64 years female: 48.56 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.43 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

250,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: South African(s) adjective: South African

Languages

11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 81.8% male: 81.9% female: 81.7% (1995 est.)

Government

Republic; President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

66.4%
ANC 66.4%DP 9.6%IFP 8.6%NP 6.9%UDM 3.4%ACDP 1.4%FF 0.8%other 2.9%

Legislature, 90 seatsone dot, one seat

ANC 61NP 17FF 4IFP 5DP 3

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of South Africa conventional short form: South Africa former: Union of South Africa abbreviation: RSA

Capital

Pretoria; note - Cape Town is the legislative center and Bloemfontein the judicial center

Administrative divisions

9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, North-West, Northern Cape, Northern Province, Western Cape

Independence

31 May 1910 (from UK)

National holiday

Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)

Constitution

  • 10 December 1996;
  • this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3 February 1997;
  • it is being implemented in phases

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);
  • Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);
  • Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term;
  • election last held 2 June 1999 (next scheduled for sometime between May and July 2004) election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president;
  • percent of National Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation) note: ANC-IFP governing coalition

Legislative branch

  • bicameral parliament consisting of the National Assembly (400 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional representation to serve five-year terms) and the National Council of Provinces (90 seats, 10 members elected by each of the nine provincial legislatures for five-year terms; has special powers to protect regional interests, including the safeguarding of cultural and linguistic traditions among ethnic minorities);
  • note - following the implementation of the new constitution on 3 February 1997 the former Senate was disbanded and replaced by the National Council of Provinces with essentially no change in membership and party affiliations, although the new institution's responsibilities have been changed somewhat by the new constitution elections: National Assembly and National Council of Provinces - last held 2 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - ANC 66.4%, DP 9.6%, IFP 8.6%, NP 6.9%, UDM 3.4%, ACDP 1.4%, FF 0.8%, other 2.9%;
  • seats by party - ANC 266, DP 38, IFP 34, NP 28, UDM 14, ACDP 6, FF 3, other 11;
  • National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by party - NA%;
  • seats by party - ANC 61, NP 17, FF 4, IFP 5, DP 3

Judicial branch

  • Constitutional Court;
  • Supreme Court of Appeals;
  • High Courts;
  • Magistrate Courts

Political parties and leaders

  • African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE, president];
  • African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI, president];
  • Democratic Alliance (formed from the merger of the Democratic Party or DP and the New National Party or NP) [Anthony LEON, leader];
  • Freedom Front or FF [Constand VILJOEN, president];
  • Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];
  • Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president];
  • United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

  • Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary];
  • South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary];
  • South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president];
  • note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, BIS, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, NSG, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Makate Sheila SISULU chancery: 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 232-4400

FAX

[1] (202) 265-1607 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Delano E. LEWIS, Sr. embassy: 877 Pretorius Street, Pretoria mailing address: P. O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001 telephone: [27] (12) 342-1048

FAX

[27] (12) 342-2244 consulate(s) general: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg

Flag description

  • two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side;
  • the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands;
  • the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes note: prior to 26 April 1994, the flag was actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which had three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue;
  • the miniature flags were a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side

Economy

32 fields
Real growth rate
3%
(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 2.4% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate
30%
(2000 est.)

Electricity

Electricity production
186.903 billion (1999)Electricity consumption
172.393 billion (1999)Electricity exports
3.884 billion (1999)Electricity imports
2.457 billion (1999)

Economy - overview

South Africa is a middle-income, developing country with an abundant supply of resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange that ranks among the 10 largest in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region.

However, growth has not been strong enough to cut into the 30% unemployment, and daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era, especially the problems of poverty and lack of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups. Other problems are crime, corruption, and HIV/AIDS. At the start of 2000, President MBEKI vowed to promote economic growth and foreign investment, and to reduce poverty by relaxing restrictive labor laws, stepping up the pace of privatization, and cutting unneeded governmental spending.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $369 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $8,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 5% industry: 30% services: 65% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 45.9% (1994)

Labor force

17 million economically active (2000)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (1999 est.)

Budget

revenues: $31.1 billion expenditures: $34.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY01/02)

Industries

mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 92.74% hydro: 0.39% nuclear: 6.87% other: 0% (1999)

Agriculture - products

corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef, poultry, mutton, wool, dairy products

Exports

$30.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities

gold, diamonds, other metals and minerals, machinery and equipment

Exports - partners

UK, Italy, Japan, US, Germany

Imports

$27.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery, foodstuffs and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments

Imports - partners

Germany, US, UK, Japan

Debt - external

$25.6 billion (2000 est.)

Currency

rand (ZAR)

Exchange rates

rand per US dollar - 7.60 (March 2001), 6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Communications

10 fields
Fixed lines
5.075 million
(1999) · country code .za

Telephones - mobile cellular

over 2,000,000 (1999)

Telephone system

general assessment:
  • the system is the best developed and most modern in Africa domestic: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops;
  • key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria international: 2 submarine cables;
  • satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 14, FM 347 (plus 243 repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios

13.75 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations

556 (plus 144 network repeaters) (1997)

Televisions

5.2 million (1997)

Internet users

1.82 million (2000)

Transportation

9 fields

Railways

total: 21,431 km narrow gauge: 20,995 km 1.067-m gauge (9,087 km electrified); 436 km 0.610-m gauge (1995)

Highways

total: 358,596 km paved: 59,753 km (including 1927 km of expressways) unpaved: 298,843 km (1996)

Pipelines

  • crude oil 931 km;
  • petroleum products 1,748 km;
  • natural gas 322 km

Ports and harbors

Cape Town, Durban, East London, Mosselbaai, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha

Merchant marine

total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 271,650 GRT/268,604 DWT ships by type: container 6, petroleum tanker 2 (2000 est.)

Airports

741 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 142 over 3,047 m: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 47 914 to 1,523 m: 71 under 914 m: 10 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 599 1,524 to 2,437 m: 33 914 to 1,523 m: 304 under 914 m: 262 (2000 est.)

Military

South African National Defense Force or SANDF (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Medical Services), South African Police Service or SAPS

8 fields

Military branches

South African National Defense Force or SANDF (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Medical Services), South African Police Service or SAPS

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 11,469,812 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 6,977,328 (2001 est.)

Military - note

the National Defense Force continues to integrate former military, black homelands forces, and ex-opposition forces

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

Swaziland has asked South Africa to open negotiations on reincorporating some nearby South African territories that are populated by ethnic Swazis or that were long ago part of the Swazi Kingdom

Illicit drugs

  • transshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana, and possibly cocaine;
  • cocaine consumption on the rise;
  • world's largest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India through various east African countries;
  • illicit cultivation of marijuana

Central Intelligence Agency. “South Africa.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/south-africa/2001.

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