Economic overview Sudan, in 36 editions.

Sudan, one of the world's poorest countries, is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather, and counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high foreign debt and huge arrearages of about $13 billion continue to cause difficulties. Since 1979 In 1990 the International Monetary Fund has provided assistance and has forced Sudan to make economic reforms aimed at improving took the performance unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative on account of its nonpayment of arrearages to the economy. Fund.

Sudan, one of the world's poorest countries, Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse
weather, high inflation, and counterproductive economic policies. The
economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70%
of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are
agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating
1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work
force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic
performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual
rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high
foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the
International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan
noncooperative on account because of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. Despite
subsequent government efforts to implement reforms urged by the IMF and the
World Bank, the economy remained stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the
incentive to take economic risks.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse
weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and
counterproductive economic policies. The
economy is dominated by
governmental entities that account for more than 70%
of new investment. The
private sector's main areas of activity are
agriculture and trading, with
most private industrial investment predating
1980. The economy's base is
agriculture, which employs 80% of the work
force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items. Sluggish economic
performance over the past decade,
attributable largely to declining annual
rainfall, has reduced levels of per
capita income and consumption. A high
large foreign debt and huge arrearages
continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the
International Monetary Fund took
the unusual step of declaring Sudan
noncooperative because of its nonpayment
of arrearages to the Fund. Despite
subsequent government efforts to
implement reforms urged by the IMF and the
World Bank, the economy remained
stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the
incentive to take economic risks.
Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production in
northern Sudan after two years of drought.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse
weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and
counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by
governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new
investment. The
private sector's main areas of activity are
agriculture and trading, with
most private industrial investment
predating 1980. The economy's base is
agriculture, which employs 80%
of the work force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items.
Sluggish economic performance over the past decade,
attributable
largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per
capita
income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages
continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary
Fund took
the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because
of its nonpayment
of arrearages to the Fund. Despite subsequent The government efforts to
implement implemented a comprehensive economic reform program in 1992 that
included slashing the fiscal deficit, liberalizing foreign exchange
regulations, and lifting most price controls, but it had backtracked
on most reforms urged by mid-1993 because of its fear of generating a
domestic backlash. The government's failure to pursue economic reform,
its continued prosecution of the IMF civil war, and its growing
international isolation have led to a further deterioration of the World Bank,
non-agricultural sectors of the economy remained during 1993. Agriculture, on
stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the incentive to take economic risks. other hand, after several disappointing years, enjoyed favorable
Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production growing conditions in 1993, and its strong performance produced an
northern Sudan after two years overall growth rate in GNP of drought. about 7%.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political
instability, adverse
weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances
from abroad, and
counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by Governmental
governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new
investment. The private
sector's main areas of activity are
agriculture and trading, with most
private industrial investment
predating 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which Agriculture employs 80%
of the work force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items.
Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable
largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita
income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages
continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary
Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because
of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. The government After Sudan backtracked
implemented a comprehensive economic reform program on promised reforms in 1992 that
included slashing 1992-93, the fiscal deficit, liberalizing foreign exchange
regulations, and lifting most price controls, but it had backtracked IMF threatened to expel Sudan from
the Fund. To avoid expulsion, Khartoum agreed to make payments on most reforms by mid-1993 because of its fear of generating a
domestic backlash. arrears to the Fund, liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies.
These measures have been partially implemented. The government's failure to pursue economic reform,
its continued prosecution of the civil war, war and its growing
international
isolation have led to a further deterioration of the nonagricultural
non-agricultural sectors of the economy during 1993. 1994. Agriculture, on
the other hand,
after several disappointing years, enjoyed favorable
growing conditions a bumper fall harvest in 1993, and
1994; its strong performance produced an
overall growth rate in GNP GDP of about
perhaps 7%.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political
political instability, adverse weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances
remittances from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies. Governmental
entities account for more than 70% of new investment. The private
sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and
trading, with most
private industrial investment predating 1980.
Agriculture employs 80%
of the work force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items.
Sluggish economic performance over the past
decade, attributable
largely to declining annual rainfall, has
reduced levels of per capita
income and consumption. A large foreign
debt and huge arrearages
continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the
International Monetary
Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan
noncooperative because
of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund.
After Sudan backtracked
on promised reforms in 1992-93, the IMF
threatened to expel Sudan from
the Fund. To avoid expulsion,
Khartoum agreed to make payments on its
arrears to the Fund,
liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies.
These subsidies, measures have been it has
partially implemented. The government's
continued prosecution of the
civil war and its growing international
isolation led continued to a further deterioration of
inhibit growth in the nonagricultural
sectors of the economy during 1994. Agriculture, on the other hand,
after several disappointing years, enjoyed a bumper fall harvest 1995. Agricultural production in 1995, while fairly good, was not up
1994; its strong performance produced an overall growth rate in GDP to the bumper crop level of
perhaps 7%. 1994.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic
political
instability, adverse weather, high inflation, a drop in
remittances
from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies.
The private
sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and
trading, with most
private industrial investment predating 1980.
Agriculture employs 80%
of the work force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items.
Sluggish economic performance over the past
decade, attributable
largely to declining annual rainfall, has
reduced levels of kept per capita income and consumption. at
low levels. A large foreign
debt and huge arrearages continue to cause
difficulties. In 1990 the
International Monetary Fund took the unusual
step of declaring Sudan
noncooperative because of its nonpayment of
arrearages to the Fund.
After Sudan backtracked on promised reforms in
1992-93, the IMF
threatened to expel Sudan from the Fund. To avoid expulsion,
expulsion, Khartoum agreed to make payments on its arrears to the Fund,
Fund, liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies, measures it has
partially implemented. The government's continued prosecution of the
civil war and its growing international isolation continued to
inhibit
growth in the nonagricultural sectors of the economy during
1995. Agricultural production in 1995, while fairly good, was not up 1996.
to Hyperinflation has raised consumer prices above the bumper crop level reach of 1994. most.
Popular unrest erupted several times in 1996 in reaction to unpopular
government economic decisions.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political
instability, adverse weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances
from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies. The private
sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with most
private industrial investment predating 1980. Agriculture employs 80%
of the work force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items.
Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable
largely to declining annual rainfall, has kept per capita income at
low levels. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause
difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took the unusual
step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpayment of
arrearages to the Fund. After Sudan backtracked on promised reforms in
1992-93, the IMF threatened to expel Sudan from the Fund. To avoid
expulsion, Khartoum agreed to make payments on its arrears to the
Fund, liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies, measures it has
partially implemented. The government's continued prosecution of the
civil war and its growing international isolation continued to inhibit
growth in the nonagricultural sectors of the economy during 1996. 1997.
Hyperinflation has raised consumer prices above the reach of most. In
Popular unrest erupted several times in 1996 in reaction 1997, a top priority was to unpopular develop potentially lucrative oilfields in
south-central Sudan; the government economic decisions. was seeking foreign partners to
exploit the oil sector.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political
political instability, adverse weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances
remittances from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies.
The private
sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and
trading, with most
private industrial investment predating 1980.
Agriculture employs 80%
of the work force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items.
Sluggish economic performance over the past
decade, attributable
largely to declining annual rainfall, has kept
per capita income at
low levels. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages
arrears continue to cause
difficulties. In 1990 the International
Monetary Fund took the unusual
step of declaring Sudan
noncooperative because of its nonpayment of
arrearages arrears to the Fund.
After Sudan backtracked on promised reforms in
1992-93, the IMF
threatened to expel Sudan from the Fund. To avoid
expulsion,
Khartoum agreed to make payments on its arrears to the
Fund,
liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies, measures it has
partially implemented. The government's continued prosecution of the
civil war and its growing international isolation continued to inhibit
inhibit growth in the nonagricultural sectors of the economy during 1997.
1998. Hyperinflation has raised consumer prices above the reach of
most. In
1997, 1998, a top priority was to develop potentially lucrative
oilfields in
south-central southcentral Sudan; the government was seeking is working with
foreign partners to
exploit the oil sector.

Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic
political instability, adverse weather, high inflation, weak world commodity prices, a drop in
remittances from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies.
The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and
trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980.
Agriculture employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes
agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past
decade, attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has kept
per capita income at low levels. A large foreign debt and huge
arrears continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) took the unusual step of declaring Sudan
noncooperative because of its nonpayment of arrears to the Fund.
After Sudan backtracked on promised reforms in 1992-93, the IMF
threatened to expel Sudan from the Fund. To avoid expulsion,
Khartoum agreed to make token payments on its arrears to the Fund,
liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies, measures it has
partially implemented. The government's continued prosecution of the
civil war and its growing international isolation continued to
inhibit growth in the nonagricultural sectors of the economy during
1998. Hyperinflation has raised consumer prices above the reach of
most. In 1998, a top priority was to develop potentially lucrative
oilfields in southcentral Sudan; the 1999. The government is working has worked with
foreign partners to exploit develop the oil sector. sector, and the country is producing approximately 150,000 barrels per day.

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems. Starting in problems, notably the low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan began has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms that have successfully stabilized inflation. reforms. In 1999 Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Current oil production stands at 220,000 barrels per day, of which some 70% is exported and the rest refined mostly for domestic consumption. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones should helped maintain GDP growth at 5% 5.1% in 2002. Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and contributing 43% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Sudan is also constrained by its limited access to international credit; most of Sudan's $24.9 billion debt remains in arrears. The civil war, chronic Chronic domestic instability, lagging reforms, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - but, above all, the low starting point - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but yet it still faces formidable economic problems, notably the starting from its low level of per capita output. output and extending to its devastating civil stife. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped maintain sustain GDP growth at 5.1% 6.1% in 2002. 2003 and 7% in 2004. Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and contributing 43% 39% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic domestic instability, lagging reforms, instability - including the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the Christian/pagan south, the ethnic purges in Darfur, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - but, above all, the low starting point - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, yet but it still faces formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per capita output and extending to its devastating civil stife. output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.1% in 2003 and 7% 6.4% in 2004. Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and force, contributing 39% of GDP, and accounting for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - including the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the Christian/pagan south, the ethnic purges in Darfur, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.4% 8.6% in 2004. Agriculture Agricultural production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force, contributing 39% of GDP, and accounting for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - including resulting from the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the Christian/pagan south, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems, problems starting from its low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, high oil prices, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 8.6% about 10% in 2004. 2006. Agricultural production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force, force and contributing 39% 35% of GDP, and accounting for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - resulting from the long-standing North/South civil war between the Muslim north and as well as the Christian/pagan south, Darfur conflict, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years. In late 2006, the government announced its intention to introduce a new currency, the Sudan Pound, from January 2007 at an exchange rate of $1.00 equals 2 Sudanese Pounds.

Sudan has turned around a struggling Sudan's economy with sound economic policies is booming on the back of increases in oil production, high oil prices, and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems starting from its low level large inflows of foreign direct investment. GDP growth registered more than 10% per capita output. year in 2006 and 2007. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing working with the IMF to implement macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, reforms, including a managed float of the exchange rate. Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, high oil prices, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at about 10% in 2006. 1999. Agricultural production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing important, because it employs 80% of the work force and contributing 35% contributes a third of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - resulting from GDP. The Darfur conflict, the long-standing North/South aftermath of two decades of civil war as well as in the Darfur conflict, adverse weather, south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and weak world agricultural prices - a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years. years despite rapid rises in average per capita income. In late 2006, January 2007, the government announced its intention to introduce introduced a new currency, the Sudan Sudanese Pound, from January 2007 at an initial exchange rate of $1.00 equals 2 Sudanese Pounds.

Until the second half of 2008, Sudan's economy is booming boomed on the back of increases in oil production, high oil prices, and large inflows of foreign direct investment. GDP growth registered more than 10% per year in 2006 and 2007. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been working with the IMF to implement macroeconomic reforms, including a managed float of the exchange rate. Sudan began exporting crude oil in the last quarter of 1999. Agricultural production remains important, because it employs 80% of the work force and contributes a third of GDP. The Darfur conflict, the aftermath of two decades of civil war in the south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income. In January 2007, the government introduced a new currency, the Sudanese Pound, at an initial exchange rate of $1.00 equals 2 Sudanese Pounds.

Since 1997, Sudan has been working with the IMF to implement macroeconomic reforms including a managed float of the exchange rate and a large reserve of foreign exchange. A new currency, the Sudanese Pound, was introduced in January 2007 at an initial exchange rate of $1.00 equals 2 Sudanese Pounds. Sudan began exporting crude oil in the last quarter of 1999 and the economy boomed on the back of increases in oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment until the second half of 2008. The Darfur conflict, the aftermath of two decades of civil war in the south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years to come despite rapid rises in average per capita income. Sudan's real GDP expanded by 5.2% during 2010, an improvement over 2009's 4.2% growth but significantly below the more that than 10% per year growth experienced prior to the global financial crisis in 2006 and 2007. While the oil sector continues to drive growth, services and utilities play an increasingly important role in the economy with agriculture production remaining important as it employs 80% of the work force and contributes a third of GDP. In the lead up to the referendum on southern secession, scheduled which took place in January 2011, Sudan saw its currency depreciate considerably on the black market with the Central Bank's official rate also losing value as the Sudanese people started to hoard foreign currency. The Central Bank of Sudan intervened heavily in the currency market to defend the value of the pound and the Sudanese government introduced a number of measures to restrain excess local demand for hard currency, but uncertainty ahead of about the referendum secession has meant that foreign exchange remained remains in heavy demand as 2010 came to a close. demand.

Sudan is an extremely poor country that has had to deal with social conflict, civil war, and the July 2011 secession of South Sudan - the region of the country that had been responsible for about three-fourths of the former Sudan's total oil production. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since it began exporting oil in 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of increases in oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Following South Sudan's Sudan''s secession, Sudan has struggled to maintain economic stability, because oil earnings now provide a far lower share of the country's country''s need for hard currency and for budget revenues. Sudan is attempting to generate new sources of revenues, such as from gold mining, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. Agricultural production continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's Sudan''s secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces rising inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November. November 2012. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years to come.

Sudan is an extremely poor country that has had to deal with experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and the and, in July 2011 secession of South Sudan - 2011, the region loss of the country that had been responsible for about three-fourths three-quarters of the former Sudan's total its oil production. production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since it began exporting oil in 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of increases in rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Following Since the economic shock of South Sudan''s Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to maintain economic stability, because stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil earnings now provide production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a far lower share year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the country''s need for hard currency and for budget revenues. fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Sudan is also subject to comprehensive US sanctions. Sudan is attempting to generate new develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as from gold mining, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. Agricultural production The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan''s Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces rising inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012. 2012, but subsided to 25% in 2013. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure that much keep close to half of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years to come. line.

Sudan is an extremely poor country that has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, the loss of three-quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Sudan is also subject to comprehensive US sanctions. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces rising inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012, 2012 but subsided to 25% 37% in 2013. 2014. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.

Sudan is an extremely poor country that has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, the loss of three-quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.
Sudan is also subject to comprehensive US sanctions. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.
Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces rising high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but subsided to 37% in 2014. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure 18% in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line. 2015.

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, the loss of three-quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.
Sudan is also was subject to comprehensive US sanctions. sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining, mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.
Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but subsided fell to 18% about 35% per year in 2015. 2017.

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, the loss of three-quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.
Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.
Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017.

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, the loss of three-quarters three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line. Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017.

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line. Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017. (2017)

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.
Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.
Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017. (2017)