The CIA World Factbook Every edition, 1990 to 2025 Middle East
Executive branch Syria, in 35 editions.
The entry for Syria published Executive branch in 35 editions of 36, from 1990 to 2025. The text changed in 30 editions. Each is shown as published. Executive branch in every entry.
- editions changed the text
- 30
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Executive branch” (1990 to 2025), “Leaders” (1992 to 1993) and “Elections” (1992 to 1993).
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe edition shownChoose an edition on the strip beside the text, or step through them with the arrows. Mark changes compares it with the edition before: the marks are ours, words added and words removed.
2025 edition
Changed since 2024The same text in 1990 and 1991.
- president,
- three vice presidents,
- prime minister,
- three deputy prime ministers,
- Council of Ministers (cabinet)
president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Published as “Executive branch”
- president,
- three vice presidents,
- prime minister,
- three deputy prime ministers,
- Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Published as “Leaders”
- Chief of State:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);
- Vice Presidents `Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since NA May 1985)
Published as “Elections”
- President:
- last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote
- People's Council:
- last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994);
- results - Ba`th 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%;
- seats - (250 total) Ba`th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84;
- note - the People's Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
Rewritten: too little of the 1991 text remains to mark the changes.
president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime
ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Chief of State:
President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents `Abd
al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad
Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister
Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim
YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since
NA May 1985)
President:
last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results -
President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with
99.98% of the vote
People's Council:
last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba`th
53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%,
Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250
total) Ba`th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5,
Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's
Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
Published as “Elections”
- President:
- last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote
- People's Council:
- last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994);
- results - Ba'th 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%;
- seats - (250 total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84;
- note - the People's Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
Published as “Executive branch”
- president,
- three vice presidents,
- prime minister,
- three deputy prime ministers,
- Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Published as “Leaders”
- Chief of State:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note);
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984);
- note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy primePresident:
ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Chief of State:
President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents `Abd
al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad
Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister
Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim
YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since
NA May 1985)
last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results -
President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with
99.98% of the vote
People's Council:
last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba`th Ba'th
53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%,
Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250
total) Ba`th Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5,
Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's
Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime
ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Chief of State:
President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents
'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since
11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970
coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as
president in the 12 March 1971 national elections
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister
Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim
YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI
(since 4 July 1992)
The entry for Syria did not include Executive branch.
- chief of state:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note);
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984);
- election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998);
- results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote;
- note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
President: chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see
note); Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD,
and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); election last
held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998); results -
President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with
with 99.98% of the vote vote; note - President ASAD seized power in the
People's Council:
last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th
53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%,
Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250
total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5,
Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's
Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime
ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Chief of State:
President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents
'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since
11 March 1984);
November 1970
was confirmed asHead head of Government:government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November
1987); Deputy Prime Minister
1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim
Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI
cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
- chief of state:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971; see note) was reelected for a seven-year term by universal suffrage;
- election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998);
- results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote;
- note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections;
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since NA), Rifaat al-ASAD (since NA), and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) were appointed by the president
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992) were appointed by the president
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 1971; seenote); Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, note) was reelected for a seven-year term by universal suffrage;and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); election last
1998); results -
seven-year term
seized power in the
22 February 1971, and
1971 national elections elections; Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said
KHADDAM (since NA), Rifaat al-ASAD (since NA), and Muhammad Zuhayr
MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) were appointed by the president
head of government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI ZUBI (since 1 November1987); 1987), Deputy Prime Minister Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March1984); Deputy Prime Minister 1984), Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI
Deputy Prime Minister
(since 4 July 1992) were appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers; Ministers was appointed by the president
- chief of state:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);
- note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections;
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984), Rifaat al-ASAD (since 11 March 1984), and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
- election results:
- Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of vote - Hafiz al-ASAD 99.98%
chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971; see 1971); note
note) was reelected for a seven-year term by universal suffrage;
election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December
1998); results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth
seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote;
- President ASAD
presidential powers
in the 12 March
ibn SaidNA), 11 March 1984), Rifaat al-ASAD (since NA), 11 March
1984), and Muhammad Zuhayrwere appointed by the president
head of government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November
1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March
1984), Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI
(since 4 July 1992) were appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998);
vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of vote -
Hafiz al-ASAD 99.98%
- chief of state:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);
- note-President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections;
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Dr. Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
- election results:
- Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of vote-Hafiz al-ASAD 99.98%
chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); note- President note-President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed
presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president
in the 12 March 1971 national elections; Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim
ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984), Rifaat al-ASAD (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA
1984),
(since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November
1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March
1984), Dr. Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI
(since 4 July 1992)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1998);
vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of vote -Hafiz vote-Hafiz al-ASAD 99.98%
- chief of state:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);
- note--President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections;
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Dr. Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- referendum/election last held 8 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2006);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
- election results:
- Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of vote--Hafiz al-ASAD 99%
chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);note-President note--President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed
presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president
in the 12 March 1971 national elections; Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim
al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA
MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November
1987), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March
1984), Dr. Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI
AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;election referendum/election last held 2 December 1991 8 February 1999 (next to be held NA December 1998);
2006); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister
and deputy
election results: Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent ofvote-Hafiz vote--Hafiz al-ASAD 99.98% 99%
- chief of state:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);
- note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections;
- Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mohammad Mustaf MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Dr. Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- referendum/election last held 8 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2006);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
- election results:
- Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of vote - Hafiz al-ASAD 99%
chief of state: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971);
note--President
head of government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI Mohammad Mustaf MIRU (since 1 November 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March
1987),
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election results: Hafiz al-ASAD reelected president; percent of
vote--Hafiz
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Khalid RA'D (since 13 March 2000), Muhammad NAJI 'UTRI (since 13 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29% note: Hafiz al-ASAD died 10 June 2000; 20 June 2000 the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council 25 June 2000
chief of state: President Hafiz Bashar al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections; 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents 'Abd Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)Mohammad Mustaf Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Dr. Salim YASIN Khalid RA'D (since NA December 1981), and Rashid AKHTARINI 13 March 2000), Muhammad NAJI 'UTRI (since 4 July 1992)13 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president8 February 1999 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2006); 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the presidentHafiz Bashar al-ASAD reelected elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29% note: Hafiz al-ASAD 99% died 10 June 2000; 20 June 2000 the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council 25 June 2000
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 December 2001), Dr. Muhammad al-HUSAYN (since 13 December 2001)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Khalid RA'D Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 March 2000), December 2001), Dr. Muhammad NAJI 'UTRI al-HUSAYN (since 13 March 2000) December 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 December 2001), Dr. Muhammad al-HUSAYN (since 13 December 2001)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU Naji al-UTRI (since 13 March 2000), 10 September 2003), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 December 2001), Dr. Muhammad al-HUSAYN (since 13 December 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
The same text in 2004 and 2005.
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
- referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held 2007);
- vice presidents appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 December 2001), Dr. Muhammad al-HUSAYN (since 13 December 2001) 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held 2007);
- vice president appointed by the president;
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June; he was approved by a popular referendum on 10 July
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 March 1984) February 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003) 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected approved by popular vote referendum for a seven-year term; referendum/election term (no term limits); referendum last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held 2007); vice presidents president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, June, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000 June; he was approved by a popular referendum on 10 July
The same text in 2007 and 2008.
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy;
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - on 27 May 2007 (next to be held 2007); vice in May 2014); the president appointed by appoints the president; vice presidents, prime minister minister, and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29% 97.6%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June; he was approved by a popular referendum on 10 July
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy;
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
chief of state:
President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government:
Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections:
president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy;
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
chief of state:
President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government:
Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy;
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Adil SAFR (since 14 April 2011)
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%
chief of state:
President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government:
Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI Adil SAFR (since 14 June 2005) April 2011)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6% 97.6%, other 2.4%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006) oversees foreign policy;
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012)
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%
chief of state:
President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 21 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government:
Prime Minister Adil SAFR Wael al-HALQI (since 14 April 2011) 9 August 2012)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006);
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012);
- Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ,
- Lt. Gen.,
- Walid al-MUALEM
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%
chief of state:
President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; 2006); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government:
Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012) 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen., Walid al-MUALEM
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006);
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen. Walid al-MUALEM
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum (the 2012 constitution allows for two successive 7-year terms);
- referendum last held in 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 88.7%,
- Hassan al-NOURI 4.3%,
- Maher HAJJER 3.2%,
- other/invalid 3.8%
chief of state:
President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government:
Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen., Gen. Walid al-MUALEM
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president approved by popular referendum (the 2012 constitution allows for a second seven-year term (no term limits); two successive 7-year terms); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 in 3 June 2014 (next to be held in May 2014); June 2021); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4% 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI 4.3%, Maher HAJJER 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006);
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen. Walid al-MUALEM
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%,
- Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%,
- Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%,
- other/invalid 3.8%
chief of state:
head of government:
cabinet:president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011 president
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
elections/appointments: president approved directly elected by simple majority popular referendum (the 2012 constitution allows vote for two successive a 7-year terms); referendum term (eligible for a second term); election last held in on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results:
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS (since 22 June 2016);
- Walid al-MUALEM (since 2006);
- Deputy Prime Minister Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen. (since 2012)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%,
- Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%,
- Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%,
- other/invalid 3.8%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS (since 9 August 2012); 22 June 2016); Walid al-MUALEM (since 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers Minister Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen. Walid al-MUALEM (since 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS (since 22 June 2016);
- Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen.(since 23 June 2012) and Walid al-MUALEM (since 23 June 2012)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%,
- Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%,
- Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%,
- other/invalid 3.8%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS (since 22 June 2016); Walid al-MUALEM (since 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen. Gen.(since 23 June 2012) and Walid al-MUALEM (since 23 June 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
The same text in 2018 and 2019.
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS (since 22 June 2016); Deputy Prime Minister Walid al-MUALEM (since 23 June 2012)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%,
- Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%,
- Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%,
- other/invalid 3.8%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS (since 22 June 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen.(since 23 June 2012) and Minister Walid al-MUALEM (since 23 June 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%,
- Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%,
- Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%,
- other/invalid 3.8%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib KHAMIS Hussein ARNOUS (since 22 June 2016); 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Walid al-MUALEM Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Gen.) (since 23 June 2012) 30 August 2020)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 June 2014 (next to be held in June 2021); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 26 May 2021(next to be held in 2028);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party)95.2%,
- Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%,
- Abdullah Sallum ABDULLAH (Socialist Unionist Party) 1.5%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 June 2014 (next 26 May 2021(next to be held in June 2021); 2028); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party)95.2%, Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%, Abdullah Sallum ABDULLAH (Socialist Unionist Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8% 1.5%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Lt. Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 26 May 2021 (next to be held in 2028);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Gen.) (Lt. Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 May 2021(next 2021 (next to be held in 2028); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: 2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party)95.2%, Party) 95.2%, Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%, Abdullah Sallum ABDULLAH (Socialist Unionist Party) 1.5%
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Lt. Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 26 May 2021 (next to be held in 2028);
- the president appoints the vice president, prime minister, and deputy prime minister
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
- percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 95.2%,
- Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%,
- other1.5%
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Lt. Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 May 2021 (next to be held in 2028); the president appoints the vice presidents, president, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers minister
election results: 2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 95.2%, Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%, Abdullah Sallum ABDULLAH (Socialist Unionist Party) 1.5% other1.5%
- chief of state:
- vacant;
- former President Bashar al-ASAD was overthrown by Islamist rebels on 8 December 2024;
- ASAD and his family flew to Moscow where they were granted political asylum
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad al-BASHIR (since 8 December 2024)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 26 May 2021 (next to be held in 2028);
- the president appoints the vice president and prime minister
- election results:
2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
2014: Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
chief of state: vacant; former President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) was overthrown by Islamist rebels on 8 December 2024; ASAD and his family flew to Moscow where they were granted political asylum
head of government: Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Lt. Gen.) Muhammad al-BASHIR (since 30 August 2020) 8 December 2024)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 May 2021 (next to be held in 2028); the president appoints the vice president, prime minister, president and deputy prime minister
election results:
2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 95.2%, Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%, other1.5% other 1.5%
2014: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
- chief of state:
- Ahmad al-Shara'; former President Bashar al-ASAD was overthrown by Islamist rebels on 8 December 2024
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad al-BASHIR (since 8 December 2024)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- election/appointment process:
- president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term);
- the president appoints the vice president and prime minister
- most recent election date:
- 26 May 2021
- election results:
2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
2014: Bashar al-ASAD elected president;
- expected date of next election:
- 2028
chief of state: vacant; Ahmad al-Shara'; former President Bashar al-ASAD was overthrown by Islamist rebels on 8 December 2024; ASAD and his family flew to Moscow where they were granted political asylum 2024
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad al-BASHIR (since 8 December 2024)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: election/appointment process: president directly elected by simple majority simple-majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 May 2021 (next to be held in 2028); the president appoints the vice president and prime minister
most recent election date: 26 May 2021
election results:
2021: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 95.2%, Mahmoud Ahmad MAREI (Democratic Arab Socialist Union) 3.3%, other 1.5%
2014: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD (Ba'th Party) 88.7%, Hassan al-NOURI (independent) 4.3%, Maher HAJJER (independent) 3.2%, other/invalid 3.8%
expected date of next election: 2028
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Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. “Syria: Executive branch.” The World Factbook, 1990–2025 editions. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/syria/executive-branch.