The CIA World Factbook Every edition, 1990 to 2025 Middle East
Executive branch Turkiye, in 35 editions.
The entry for Turkiye published Executive branch in 35 editions of 36, from 1990 to 2025. The text changed in 29 editions. Each is shown as published. Executive branch in every entry.
- editions changed the text
- 29
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2025
Published as “Executive branch” (1990 to 2025), “Leaders” (1992 to 1993) and “Elections” (1992 to 1993).
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe edition shownChoose an edition on the strip beside the text, or step through them with the arrows. Mark changes compares it with the edition before: the marks are ours, words added and words removed.
2025 edition
Changed since 2024The same text in 1990 and 1991.
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- president,
- Presidential Council,
- prime minister,
- deputy prime minister,
- Cabinet
president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
Entry published as “Turkey”.
Published as “Executive branch”
- president,
- Presidential Council,
- prime minister,
- deputy prime minister,
- Cabinet
Published as “Leaders”
- Chief of State:
- President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)
Published as “Elections”
- Grand National Assembly:
- last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996);
- results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%;
- seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5
Rewritten: too little of the 1991 text remains to mark the changes.
president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
Cabinet
Chief of State:
President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime
Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)
Grand National Assembly:
last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP
27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,
independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP
19, DSP 7, other 5
Entry published as “Turkey”.
Published as “Elections”
- Grand National Assembly:
- last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996);
- results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%;
- seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5
Published as “Executive branch”
- president,
- Presidential Council,
- prime minister,
- deputy prime minister,
- Cabinet
Published as “Leaders”
- Chief of State:
- President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)
president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,Grand National Assembly:
Cabinet
Chief of State:
President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime
Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)
last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP
27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,
independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP
19, DSP 7, other 5
president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
Cabinet
Chief of State:
President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)
Entry published as “Turkey”.
The entry for Turkiye did not include Executive branch.
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Hikmet CETIN (since 27 March 1995)
Rewritten: too little of the 1993 text remains to mark the changes.
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993);
Deputy Prime Minister Hikmet CETIN (since 27 March 1995)
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) was elected for a seven-year term by the National Assembly
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 12 March 1996) and Deputy Prime Minister Nahit MENTESE (since 12 March 1996) were appointed by the president
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) was
elected for a seven-year term by the National Assembly
head of government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER Mesut YILMAZ (since 5 July 1993); 12 March
1996) and Deputy Prime Minister Hikmet CETIN Nahit MENTESE (since 27 12 March 1995) 1996)
were appointed by the president
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
- head of government :
- Prime Minister Necmettin ERBAKAN (since 8 July 1996) and Deputy Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 8 July 1996)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 16 May 1993 (next to be held NA 2000);
- prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
- election results :
- Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 54%
Rewritten: too little of the 1996 text remains to mark the changes.
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government : Prime Minister Necmettin ERBAKAN (since 8 July
1996) and Deputy Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 8 July 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an
advisory body to the president and the cabinet
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year
term; election last held 16 May 1993 (next to be held NA 2000); prime
minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
election results : Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 12 July 1997) and Deputy Prime Ministers Bulent ECEVIT (since 12 July 1997) and Ismet SEZGIN (since 12 July 1997)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 16 May 1993 (next scheduled to be held NA 2000);
- prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
- election results:
- Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 54%
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government : government: Prime Minister Necmettin ERBAKAN Mesut YILMAZ (since 8 12 July 1997)1996) and Deputy Prime Minister Tansu CILLER Ministers Bulent ECEVIT (since 8 12 July 1996) 1997) and
Ismet SEZGIN (since 12 July 1997)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an
advisory body to the president and the cabinet
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year
term; election last held 16 May 1993 (next scheduled to be held NA
2000); prime
president
election results : results: Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January 1999)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 16 May 1993 (next scheduled to be held NA May 2000);
- prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
- election results:
- Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of National Assembly vote--54%
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 12 July 1997) Bulent ECEVIT (since
and Deputy Prime Ministers12 July 1997) and 11 JanuaryIsmet SEZGIN (since 12 July 1997) 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an
advisory body to the president and the cabinet
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year
seven-year term; election last held 16 May 1993 (next scheduled to
be held NA
appointed by the
election results: Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54% vote--54%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January 1999)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 5 May 2000 (next scheduled to be held NA May 2007);
- prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
- election results:
- Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 1993) 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a16 5 May 1993 2000 (next scheduled to2000); 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister
election results: Suleyman DEMIREL Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president; percent ofvote--54% vote - 60%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next scheduled to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60% note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)president; president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60% note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007);
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003);
- note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a government
- election results:
- Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmed Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next scheduled to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister ministers appointed by the president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a government
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007);
- prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the government composed of top military and cabinet officials and presided over by the president
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003);
- note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a new government
- election results:
- Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the president government composed of top military and the cabinet officials and presided over by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a new government
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the government composed of top military and cabinet officials and presided over by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
headgovernment: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a new government parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term;
- election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held May 2007);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a single seven-year term;
- election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held May 2007);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a single seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003);
- Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007);
- Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI (since 29 August 2007);
- Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN (since 29 August 2007)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for a single seven-year term; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third round of voting on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner the two thirds vote required by law in the first two rounds
note: president-elect must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER Abdullah GUL (since 16 May 2000) 28 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 (since 14 March 2003) 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN (since 29 August 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a single seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third ballot; percent round of National Assembly voting on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner the two thirds vote - 60% required by law in the first two rounds
note: president president-elect must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003);
- Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007);
- Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI (since 29 August 2007);
- Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN (since 29 August 2007)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- elections:
- president elected by the National Assembly for one seven-year terms; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third round of voting on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner the two thirds vote required by law in the first two rounds
note: president-elect must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
chief of state: President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN (since 29 August 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a single one seven-year term; terms; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results: Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third round of voting on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner the two thirds vote required by law in the first two rounds
note: president-elect must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003);
- Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007);
- Deputy Prime Minister Ali BABACAN (since 1 May 2009);
- Deputy Prime Minister Bulent ARINC (since 1 May 2009)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
- elections:
- president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
chief of state:
President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government:
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI Ali BABACAN (since 29 August 2007); 1 May 2009); Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN Bulent ARINC (since 29 August 2007) 1 May 2009)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections:
president elected by the National Assembly directly for one seven-year terms; a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results: Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third round of voting
on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner 2007 the two thirds vote required by law in National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the first two rounds third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note: president-elect must have
in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a two-thirds majority referendum package of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and constitutional amendments including a simple majority on the third ballot provision for direct presidential elections
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March)
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
chief of state:
President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government:
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Ali BABACAN (since 1 May 2009); Deputy Prime Minister Bulent ARINC (since 1 May 2009) March)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results:
on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note:
in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
The same text in 3 editions, 2011 to 2013.
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003)
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
chief of state:
President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government:
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March) March 2003)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results:
on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note:
in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003)
- cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president upon the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
- election results:
- Abdullah GUL elected president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
chief of state:
President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government:
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on upon the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
elections:
president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results:on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL elected president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note:
in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Ahmet DAVUTOGLU (since 28 August 2014);
- Deputy Prime Ministers Yalcin AKDOGAN,
- Bulent ARINC,
- Ali BABACAN (all since 29 August 2014)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament;
- note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote;
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
- election results:
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%,
- Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%,
- Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Rewritten: too little of the 2014 text remains to mark the changes.
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmet DAVUTOGLU (since 28 August 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Yalcin AKDOGAN, Bulent ARINC, Ali BABACAN (all since 29 August 2014)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016);
- Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Yildirim Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament;
- note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote;
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
- election results:
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%,
- Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%,
- Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmet DAVUTOGLU Binali YILDIRIM (since 28 August 2014); 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Yalcin AKDOGAN, Bulent ARINC, Ali BABACAN (all since Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Yildirim Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016);
- Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum)
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament;
- note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote;
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
- election results:
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%,
- Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%,
- Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014)
head of government: Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Yildirim Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS (since 29 August 2014)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum)
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018)
- head of government:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014);
- note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum)
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament;
- note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote;
- prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey;
- election last held on 24 June 2018 (next to be held in June 2022)
- election results:
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Salahattin DIMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014) 2014); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018)
head of government: Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Nurettin CANIKLI (since 24 May 2016), Veysi KAYNAK (since 24 May 2016), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015), Tugrul TURKES (since 29 August 2014), Numan KURTULMUS President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 29 10 August 2014) 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum)
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Turkey; election last held on 24 June 2018 (next to be held in June 2022)
election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president; reelected president in the first round; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Salahattin DIMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8% 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
The same text in 3 editions, 2019 to 2021.
Entry published as “Turkey”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019);
- Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018);
- note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
- head of government:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014);
- note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 24 June 2018 (next scheduled for June 2023)
- election results:
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 (chief of state since 28 August 2014); 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018) 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum)
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey; election last held on 24 June 2018 (next to be held in scheduled for June 2022) 2023)
election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Salahattin DIMIRTAS Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
Entry published as “Turkey (Turkiye)”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019);
- Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018);
- note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
- head of government:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014);
- note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 24 June 2018 (next scheduled for June 2023)
- election results:
- 2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
- 2013: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president in the first round;
- Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 June 2018 (next scheduled for June 2023)
election results: 2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
2013: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president in the first round; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Entry published as “Turkey (Turkiye)”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2018);
- Vice President Cevdet YILMAZ (since 3 June 2023);
- note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
- head of government:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2018; chief of state since 28 August 2014)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 14 May 2023 with a runoff on 28 May 2023 (next to be held in 2028)
- election results:
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019); 2018); Vice President Fuat OKTAY Cevdet YILMAZ (since 9 July 2018); 3 June 2023); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; 2018; chief of state since 28 August 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election 2014)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 June 2018 14 May 2023 with a runoff on 28 May 2023 (next scheduled for June 2023) to be held in 2028)
election results:
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round; round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
2013: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president in the first round; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Entry published as “Turkey (Turkiye)”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2018)
- head of government:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2018; chief of state since 28 August 2014)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 14 May 2023 with a runoff on 28 May 2023 (next to be held in 2028)
- election results:
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2018); Vice President Cevdet YILMAZ (since 3 June 2023); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government 2018)
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2018; chief of state since 28 August 2014)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 May 2023 with a runoff on 28 May 2023 (next to be held in 2028)
election results:
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
Entry published as “Turkey (Turkiye)”.
- chief of state:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)
- head of government:
- President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- election/appointment process:
- president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
- most recent election date:
- 14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023
- election results:
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
- expected date of next election:
- 2028
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since (since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2018) 2014)
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since (since 9 July 2018; chief of state since 28 August 2014) 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute majority absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds rounds, if needed needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); term)
most recent election last held on date: 14 May 2023 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023 (next to be held in 2028)
election results:
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
expected date of next election: 2028
No edition has those words. Try a shorter word.
Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. “Turkiye: Executive branch.” The World Factbook, 1990–2025 editions. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/turkiye/executive-branch.