Uzbekistan

Republic of UzbekistanUzbekiston Respublikasi

republicIndependence 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Uzbekistan as the 1993 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 77 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalTashkent (Toshkent)

Area447,400 km2

LocationCentral Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

Populationas each edition published it

22.13 million July 1993 est. · 21.63m in 1992

Population growth% a year

2.17% 1993 est. · 1.26% in 2025

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 21.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

68.36 years 1993 est. · 76.2 yrs in 2025

Fertility ratechildren per woman

3.78 children per woman 1993 est. · 4.2 in 1992

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

54.4 deaths per 1,000 live births 1993 est. · 65 in 1992

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

Not in this edition $2,430 in 1994

GDP real growth% a year

-10% 1992 · 6.5% in 2025

Geography

Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

14 fields

Land useshare of 447,400 km2

arable land 10%permanent crops 0%meadows and pastures 47%forest and woodland 0%other 43%irrigated 41,550 km2 (1990)

Area

447,400km2

land area: 425,400 km2comparative area: slightly larger than California

Coastline

0km

note: Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

6,221km

total · Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Location

Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

Map references

Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the World

Climate

mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east

Terrain

mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes;
Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan;
shrinking Aral Sea in west

Natural resources

natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Environment

drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts

People

14 fields

Population

22,127,946

(July 1993 est.)growth rate: 2.17% (1993 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1993 est.)

Birth

30.57Death

6.63Net migration

-2.2

Ethnic divisions

Uzbek 71.4%Russian 8.3%Tajik 4.7%Kazakhs 4.1%Tartars 2.4% (includes 70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II)Karakalpaks 2.1%other 7%

Religions

Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis)Eastern Orthodox 9%other 3%

Labor force

7.941million

by occupation: agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37% (1990)

Literacy

age · -49 can read and write (1970)total population: 100%male: 100%female: 100%

Infant mortality rate

54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population:: 68.36 years male: 65.05 years
female:: 71.84 years (1993 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Uzbek(s)
adjective:: Uzbek

Government

Republic

21 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

86%

Islam KARIMOV 86%Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%other 2%

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form:: Uzbekistan
local long form:: Uzbekiston Respublikasi
local short form:: none
former:: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Administrative divisions

12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*, (avtomnaya respublika);
Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent

note: an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

Constitution

new constitution adopted 8 December 1992

Political parties and leaders

People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman

Other political or pressure groups

Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman

Elections

President:: last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%
Supreme Soviet:: last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40;
note - total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next election

Leaders

Chief of State:: President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990)
Head of Government:: Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA);
Supreme Soviet Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991)

Member of

CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV
chancery:: 200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone:: (202) 778-0107
FAX:: (202) 861-0472

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE
embassy:: 55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent
mailing address:: APO AE 09862
telephone:: [7] (3712) 77-14-07

Flag

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

Economy

Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it | produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest | global producer.

19 fields

Real growth rate

-10%

(1992)industrial production growth: growth rate -6%

Inflation, consumer prices

17%per month

at least · (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate

0.1%

includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large numbers of underemployed workers

External debt

$2billion

(end 1991 est.)

Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic.

Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, and bridge cranes.

Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR.

National product

GDP $NA

National product per capita

$NA

Budget

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports

$900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:: cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil
partners:: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe

Imports

$900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:: machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods
partners:: principally other former Soviet republics

Electricity

11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries

chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles

Agriculture

cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and livestock

Illicit drugs

illicit producers of cannabis and opium;
mostly for CIS consumption;
limited government eradication programs;
used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid

$950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)

Currency

retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)

Exchange rates

rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

6 fields

Networkskm · (1990)

Highways

78,400Railroads

3,460

Highways: ; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth · Railroads: ; does not include industrial lines

totol:: 265
useable:: 74
with permanent-surface runways:: 30
with runways over 3,659 m:: 2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:: 20
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:: 19

Telecommunications

poorly developed;
NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent;
1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992);
linked by landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries;
satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only);
new intelsat earth station provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts;
new satellite ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo.