Western Sahara
legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved
Western Sahara as the 2010 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 95 fields, one of 31 editions from 1990 to 2020.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Morocco annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976 and claimed the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Morocco's sovereignty ended in a 1991 UN-brokered cease-fire; a UN-organized referendum on the territory's final status has been repeatedly postponed. The UN since 2007 has sponsored intermittent talks between representatives of the Government of Morocco and the Polisario Front to negotiate the status of Western Sahara.
Morocco has put forward an autonomy proposal for the territory, which would allow for some local administration while maintaining Moroccan sovereignty. The Polisario, with Algeria's support, demands a popular referendum that includes the option of independence.
Geography
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco
18 fieldsLand useshare of 266,000 sq km
Terrain
mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast
Natural hazards
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility
People
19 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2010 est.)
Note
Per 1,000 population
Male · female(2010 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.02 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 0.97 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.78 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Government
Legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved
10 fieldsCountry name
- conventional long form:
- none
- conventional short form:
- Western Sahara
- former:
- Rio de Oro, Saguia el Hamra, Spanish Sahara
Government type
- legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved;
- territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), near Tindouf, Algeria, led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ;
- territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976 when Spain withdrew, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds;
- Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
- Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control;
- the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an Organization of African Unity (OAU) member in 1984;
- Morocco between 1980 and 1987 built a fortified sand berm delineating the roughly 80 percent of Western Sahara west of the barrier that currently is controlled by Morocco;
- guerrilla activities continued sporadically until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented on 6 September 1991 (Security Council Resolution 690) by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
Economy
Western Sahara has a small market-based economy whose main indutries are fishing, phosphate mining, and pastoral nomadism.
35 fieldsElectricity
Economy - overview
Western Sahara has a small market-based economy whose main indutries are fishing, phosphate mining, and pastoral nomadism. The territory's arid desert climate makes sedentary agriculture difficult, and Wstern Sahara imports much of its food. The Moroccan Government administers Western Sahara's economy and is a source of employment, infrstructure development, and social spending in the territory.
Western Sahara's unresolved legal status makes the exploitation of its natural resources a contentious issue between Morocco and the Polisario. Morocco and the EU in July 2006 signed a four-year agreement allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco, including the disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara.
Oil has never been found in Western Sahara in commercially significant quantities, but Morocco and the Polisario have quarreled over who has the right to authorize and benefit from oil exploration in the territory. Western Sahara's main long-term economic challenge is the development of a more diverse set of industries capable of providing greater employment and income to the territory.
Agriculture - products
- fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases);
- camels, sheep, goats (kept by nomads);
- fish
Exchange rates
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3619 (2009), 7.526 (2008), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006)
Communications
5 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- sparse and limited system
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- country code - 212;
- tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco
Broadcast media
- Morocco's state-owned broadcaster, Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM), operates a radio service from Laayoune and relays TV service;
- a Polisario-backed radio station also broadcasts (2008)
Transportation
4 fieldsAirports by runway lengthunpaved only
Military
2 fieldsTransnational Issues
1 fieldDisputes - international
- Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose sovereignty remains unresolved;
- UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
- several states have extended diplomatic relations to the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" represented by the Polisario Front in exile in Algeria, while others recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara;
- most of the approximately 102,000 Sahrawi refugees are sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Western Sahara.” The World Factbook 2010. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/western-sahara/2010.