Yugoslavia

Communist state, federal republic in formIndependence 1 December 1918

Yugoslavia as the 1990 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 74 fields, one of 2 editions from 1990 to 1991.

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CapitalBelgrade
Area255,800 km2
1990

Every edition of Yugoslavia

Populationas each edition published it
23.84 million July 1990 · 23.98m in 1991
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.9 children per woman 1990 · 1.9 in 1991
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
22 deaths per 1,000 live births 1990 · 21 in 1991

Corrected. Source files these entries under Serbia and Montenegro. The 1990 and 1991 entries describe the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia before its break-up. All corrections

Geography

13 fields
Total area
255,800km2
land area: 255,400 km2Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming
Coastline
3,935km
(including 2,414 km offshore islands)Territorial sea: 12 nm
Land boundaries
2,961km total
Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km, Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania 546 km

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation;

Disputes

Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Greece

Climate

  • temperate;
  • hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast;
  • warm summer with cold winters inland

Terrain

mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north

Natural resources

coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium

Land use

  • 28% arable land;
  • 3% permanent crops;
  • 25% meadows and pastures;
  • 36% forest and woodland;
  • 8% other;
  • includes 1% irrigated

Environment

subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

Note

controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits

People

14 fields
Population
23,841,608
(July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)

Per 1,000 population(1990)

Birth
15Death
9Net migration
0

Ethnic divisions(1981 census)

Serb 36.3%Croat 19.7%Muslim 8.9%Slovene 7.8%Albanian 7.7%Macedonian 5.9%Yugoslav 5.4%Montenegrin 2.5%Hungarian 1.9%other (1981 census) 3.9%

Religion

Eastern Orthodox 50%Roman Catholic 30%Muslim 9%Protestant 1%other 10%

Infant mortality rate

22 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

Life expectancy at birth

70 years male, 76 years female (1990)

Total fertility rate

1.9 children born/woman (1990)

Nationality

noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav

Language

Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian

Labor force

  • 9,600,000;
  • 22% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing;
  • about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)

Organized labor

6,200,000 members in the Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (SSJ)

Government

Communist state, federal republic in form

19 fields

Long-form name

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviated SFRY

Type

Communist state, federal republic in form

Capital

Belgrade

Administrative divisions

  • 6 socialist republics (socijalisticke republike, singular--socijalisticka republika);
  • Bosna I Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Makedonija, Slovenija, Srbija;
  • note--there are two autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina) named Kosovo and Vojvodina within Srbija

Independence

  • 1 December 1918;
  • independent monarchy established from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire;
  • SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945

Constitution

21 February 1974

National holiday

Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)

Executive branch

president of the Collective State Presidency, vice president of the Collective State Presidency, Collective State Presidency, president of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal Executive Council, Federal Executive Council

Legislative branch

bicameral Federal Assembly (Savezna Skupstina) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber

Judicial branch

  • Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court Chief of State President of the Collective State Presidency Borisav JOVIC (from Srbija; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
  • Vice President of the Collective State Presidency--Stipe SUVAR (from Hrvatska; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
  • note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Collective State Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Srbija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, and Slovenija);
  • Head of Government President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989);
  • Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
  • Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989)

Political parties and leaders

there are about 90 political parties operating country-wide including the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY)

Suffrage

at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18

Elections

direct national elections probably will be held in late 1990

Communists

2,079,013 party members (1988)

Other political or pressure groups

  • Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization;
  • Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia, Federation of Veterans' Associations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)

Member of

ASSIMER, CCC, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation

  • Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC;
  • Chancery at 2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008;
  • telephone (202) 462-6566;
  • there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco;
  • US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN;
  • Embassy at Kneza Milosa 50, Belgrade;
  • telephone [38] (11) 645-655;
  • there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb

Flag

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all three bands

Economy

Tito's reform programs 20 years ago changed the Stalinist command economy to a decentralized semimarket system but a system that the rigid, ethnically divided political structure ultimately could not accommodate.

16 fields
External debt
$17.0billion
medium and long term (1989)

Exports $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988)commodities, where a share is given

raw materials and semimanufactures
50%consumer goods
31%capital goods and equipment
19%
; partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%

Imports $13.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988)

raw materials and semimanufactures
79%capital goods and equipment
15%consumer goods
6%
; partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%

Budget

Revenues
$6.4 billionExpenditures
$6.4 billion
expenditures, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)

Overview

Tito's reform programs 20 years ago changed the Stalinist command economy to a decentralized semimarket system but a system that the rigid, ethnically divided political structure ultimately could not accommodate. A prominent feature of the reforms was the establishment of workers' self-management councils in all large plants, which were to select managers, stimulate production, and divide the proceeds.

The general result of these reforms has been rampant wage-price inflation, substantial rundown of capital plant, consumer shortages, and a still larger income gap between the poorer southern regions and the relatively affluent northern provinces of Hrvatska and Slovenija. In 1988-89 the beleaguered central government has been reforming the reforms, trying to create an open market economy with still considerable state ownership of major industrial plants.

These reforms have been moving forward with the advice and support of the International Monetary Fund through a series of tough negotiations. Self-management supposedly is to be replaced by the discipline of the market and by fiscal austerity, ultimately leading to a stable dinar.

However, strikes in major plants, hyperinflation, and interregional political jousting have held back progress. According to US economic advisers, only a highly unlikely combination of genuine privatization, massive Western economic investment and aid, and political moderation can salvage this economy.

GNP

$129.5 billion, per capita $5,464; real growth rate - 1.0% (1989 est.)

Industrial production

growth rate - 1% (1989 est.)

Electricity

21,000,000 kW capacity; 87,100 million kWh produced, 3,650 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries

metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles, building materials

Agriculture

  • diversified, with many small private holdings and large combines;
  • main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers;
  • occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals

Aid

donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1966-88)

Currency

  • Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars);
  • 1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras;
  • note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD

Exchange rates

  • Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--118,568 (January 1990), 28,764 (1989), 2,523 (1988), 737 (1987), 379 (1986), 270 (1985);
  • note--as of February 1990 the new dinar is linked to the FRG deutsche mark at the rate of 7 new dinars per 1 deustche mark

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

9 fields

Merchant marine, 270 ships by type

passenger 3short-sea passenger 4cargo 131refrigerated cargo 3container 16roll-on/roll-off cargo 14multifunction large-load carrier 3petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker 9chemical tanker 3combination ore/oil 3bulk 73combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 229,614 GRT/353,224 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus 8270 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,608,705 GRT/5,809,219 DWT

Airports, 184 total, 184 usable

permanent-surface runways
54runways over 3.659 m
nonerunways 2,440 to 3,659 m
22runways 1,220-2,439 m
20

Networkskm

Highways
120,747 (1987)Railroads
9,270 (1987)Inland waterways
2,600 (1982)Pipelines
1,373
Highways: ; 71,315 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 34,299 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 15,133 km earth · Railroads: ; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 926 km double track, 3,771 km electrified · Pipelines: ; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products

Railroads

9,270 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 926 km double track, 3,771 km electrified (1987)

Highways

  • 120,747 km total;
  • 71,315 km asphalt, concrete, stone block;
  • 34,299 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
  • 15,133 km earth (1987)

Pipelines

  • 1,373 km crude oil;
  • 2,900 km natural gas;
  • 150 km refined products

Ports

Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade

Civil air

NA major transport aircraft

Telecommunications

  • stations--199 AM, 87 FM, 50 TV;
  • 4,107,846 TV sets;
  • 4,700,000 radio receivers;
  • satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

Defense Forces

Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense

3 fields

Military manpower

males 15-49
6,135,628fit for military service
4,970,420reach military age (19) annually
188,028

Branches

Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense

Defense expenditures

  • 14.8 trillion dinars, 4.6% of national income (1989 est.);
  • note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results

Central Intelligence Agency. “Yugoslavia.” The World Factbook 1990. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/yugoslavia/1990.

How to cite 1991 edition →