Burma (Myanmar)
Union of Burma conventional short form: Burma local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
military regimeIndependence 4 January 1948 (from UK)
Burma (Myanmar) as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 118 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Despite multiparty elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party winning a decisive victory, the military junta ruling the country refused to hand over power. Key opposition leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG San Suu Kyi, under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, was again placed under house detention in September 2000; her supporters are routinely harassed or jailed.
Geography
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
18 fieldsLocation
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Land boundaries
total: 5,876 km border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Climate
- tropical monsoon;
- cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September);
- less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Natural resources
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
Land use
arable land: 15% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 1% forests and woodland: 49% other: 34% (1993 est.)
Natural hazards
- destructive earthquakes and cyclones;
- flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September);
- periodic droughts
Environment - current issues
- deforestation;
- industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;
- inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
People
18 fieldsPer 1,000 population(2001 est.)
Population
- 41,994,678 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS;
- this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 29.14% (male 6,245,798; female 5,992,074) 15-64 years: 66.08% (male 13,779,571; female 13,970,707) 65 years and over: 4.78% (male 895,554; female 1,110,974) (2001 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 55.16 years male: 53.73 years female: 56.68 years (2001 est.)
Literacy
- definition:
- age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.1% male: 88.7% female: 77.7% (1995 est.) note: these are official statistics;
- estimates of functional literacy are likely closer to 30% (1999 est.)
Government
Military regime; Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
20 fieldsPeople's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw, 485 seatsseats by party
Country name
conventional long form: Union of Burma conventional short form: Burma local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Administrative divisions
- 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - pyine);
- Chin State, Ayeyarwady*, Bago*, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon*
Constitution
- 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988);
- national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution;
- progress has since been stalled
Executive branch
chief of state: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet elections: none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignation of the former prime minister
Legislative branch
- unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened election results: percent of vote by party - NA%;
- seats by party - NLD 392, SNLD 23, NUP 10, other 60
Judicial branch
remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive
Political parties and leaders
- National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary];
- National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW];
- Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO];
- Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary];
- and other smaller parties
Political pressure groups and leaders
- All Burma Student Democratic Front or ABSDF;
- Kachin Independence Army or KIA;
- Karen National Union or KNU;
- National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB [Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals legitimately elected to the People's Assembly but not recognized by the military regime;
- the group fled to a border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government;
- several Shan factions;
- United Wa State Army or UWSA
International organization participation
ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador-designate U LINN MYAING chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-9044
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Permanent Charge d'Affaires Priscilla A. CLAPP embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521) mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546 telephone: [95] (1) 282055, 282182
Flag description
- red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice;
- the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
Economy
Burma has a mixed economy with private activity dominant in agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with substantial state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and the rice trade.
32 fieldsElectricity
Economy - overview
Burma has a mixed economy with private activity dominant in agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with substantial state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and the rice trade. Government policy in the 1990s has aimed at revitalizing the economy after three decades of tight central planning.
Private activity markedly increased in the early to mid-1990s, but began to decline in the past several years due to frustrations with the unfriendly business environment and political pressure from western nations. Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated because of the volume of black-market, illicit, and border trade.
A major ongoing problem is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Burma remains a poor Asian country and living standards for the majority have not improved over the past decade. Short-term growth will continue to be restrained because of poor government planning and minimal foreign investment.
Budget
revenues: $7.9 billion expenditures: $12.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.7 billion (FY96/97)
Industries
- agricultural processing;
- textiles and footwear;
- wood and wood products;
- copper, tin, tungsten, iron;
- construction materials;
- pharmaceuticals;
- fertilizer
Exports - partners
India 13%, Singapore 11%, China 11%, US 8% (1999 est.) note: official trade statistics do not include trade in illicit goods - such as narcotics, teak, and gems - or the largely unrecorded border trade with China and Thailand
Exchange rates
- kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001), 6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176 (1996);
- kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435 (yearend 2000)
Communications
10 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government;
- international service is good domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
1 note: as of September 2000, Internet connections were legal only for the government, tourist offices, and a few large businesses (2000)
Transportation
10 fieldsPorts and harbors
Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein, Myitkyina, Rangoon, Akyab (Sittwe), Tavoy
Merchant marine
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 411,181 GRT/632,769 DWT ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 20, container 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 2 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Japan 2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways
total: 9 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 71 over 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 22 under 914 m: 32 (2000 est.)
Military
Army, Navy, Air Force
7 fieldsMilitary manpower - availability
males age 15-49: 12,050,964 females age 15-49: 12,070,017 note: both sexes liable for military service (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service
males age 15-49: 6,425,514 females age 15-49: 6,419,677 (2001 est.)
Transnational Issues
2 fieldsDisputes - international
sporadic border hostilities with Thailand over border alignment and ethnic Shan rebels operating in cross-border region
Illicit drugs
- world's second largest producer of illicit opium, after Afghanistan (potential production in 1999 - 1,090 metric tons, down 38% due to drought; cultivation in 1999 - 89,500 hectares, a 31% decline from 1998);
- surrender of drug warlord KHUN SA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a major counternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort;
- becoming a major source of methamphetamine for regional consumption
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Burma.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/burma/2001.