Cuba

Republic of Cuba conventional short form: Cuba local long form: Republica de Cuba local short form: Cuba

Communist stateIndependence 20 May 1902 (from US)

Cuba as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 116 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

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CapitalHavana
Position21 30 N, 80 00 W
Area110,860 sq km land: 110,860 sq km water: 0 sq km
LocationCaribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida
2001

Every edition of Cuba

Populationas each edition published it
11.18 million July 2001 est. · 10.62m in 1990
Population growth% a year
0.37% 2001 est. · 1% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 34.5 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
76.41 years 2001 est. · 76.72 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.6 children per woman 2001 est. · 1.9 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
7.39 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 12 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$1,700 2000 est. · $1,370 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
5.6% 2000 est. · -15% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule has held the country together since. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. The country is now slowly recovering from a severe economic recession in 1990, following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies, worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually. Havana portrays its difficulties as the result of the US embargo in place since 1961.

Illicit migration to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, or falsified visas - is a continuing problem. Some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted only about 35% of these.

Geography

Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida

18 fields
Coastline
3,735km
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Irrigated land
9,100sq km
(1993 est.)

Location

Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida

Geographic coordinates

21 30 N, 80 00 W

Map references

Central America and the Caribbean

Area

total: 110,860 sq km land: 110,860 sq km water: 0 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 29 km border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains part of Cuba

Climate

  • tropical;
  • moderated by trade winds;
  • dry season (November to April);
  • rainy season (May to October)

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

Natural resources

cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land

Land use

arable land: 24% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 27% forests and woodland: 24% other: 18% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common

Environment - current issues

  • pollution of Havana Bay;
  • overhunting threatens wildlife populations;
  • deforestation

Environment - international agreements

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note

largest country in Caribbean

People

19 fields
Population
11,184,023
(July 2001 est.)growth rate: 0.37% (2001 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth
12.36Death
7.33Net migration
-1.36

Ethnic groups

mulatto 51%white 37%black 11%Chinese 1%

Age structure

0-14 years: 20.99% (male 1,205,159; female 1,142,070) 15-64 years: 69.14% (male 3,876,432; female 3,855,878) 65 years and over: 9.87% (male 511,589; female 592,895) (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

7.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 76.41 years male: 74.02 years female: 78.94 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

120 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Cuban(s) adjective: Cuban

Religions

nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power; Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also represented

Languages

Spanish

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.7% male: 96.2% female: 95.3% (1995 est.)

People - note

  • illicit migration is a continuing problem;
  • Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas;
  • some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000;
  • the US Coast Guard interdicted about 35% of these migrants;
  • Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US;
  • some 2,400 Cubans arrived overland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami

Government

Communist state; President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished

18 fields

Legislature, 601 seatsseats by party

PCC 601

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Cuba conventional short form: Cuba local long form: Republica de Cuba local short form: Cuba

Government type

Communist state

Capital

Havana

Administrative divisions

  • 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial);
  • Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara

Independence

20 May 1902 (from US)

National holiday

Independence Day, 10 October (1868); note - 10 October 1868 is the date of independence from Spain, 20 May 1902 is the date of independence from US administration

Constitution

24 February 1976, amended July 1992

Suffrage

16 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly; note - there is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National Assembly elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 24 February 1998 (next election unscheduled) election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent of legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president; percent of legislative vote - 100%

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional del Poder Popular (601 seats, elected directly from slates approved by special candidacy commissions; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 11 January 1998 (next to be held in 2003) election results: percent of vote - PCC 94.39%; seats - PCC 601

Judicial branch

People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president, vice president, and other judges are elected by the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders

only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

International organization participation

CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

  • none;
  • note - Cuba has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Fernando REMIREZ DE ESTENOZ;
  • address:
    • Cuban Interests Section,
    • Swiss Embassy,
    • 2630 16th Street NW,
    • Washington,
    • DC 20009
    ;
  • telephone: [1] (202) 797-8518

Diplomatic representation from the US

  • none;
  • note - the US has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Vicki HUDDLESTON;
  • address:
    • USINT,
    • Swiss Embassy,
    • Calzada between L and M Streets,
    • Vedado Seccion,
    • Havana
    ;
  • telephone: 33-3551 through 3559 (operator assistance required);
  • FAX: 33-3700;
  • protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland

Flag description

  • five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white;
  • a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center;
  • design influenced by the US flag

Economy

32 fields
Real growth rate
5.6%
(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 5% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate
5.5%
(2000 est.)
Labor force
4.3million
(2000 est.) note: state sector 75%, non-state sector 25% (1998)

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

23%
Russia
23%
Netherlands
Spain
18%
13%
Canada
8%
Venezuela
13%
Exports $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)Imports $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)(1999)

Electricity

Electricity production
14.358 billion (1999)Electricity consumption
13.353 billion (1999)

Economy - overview

The government, the primary player in the economy, has undertaken limited reforms in recent years to stem excess liquidity, increase enterprise efficiency, and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services, but prioritizing of political control makes extensive reforms unlikely.

Living standards for the average Cuban, without access to dollars, remain at a depressed level compared with 1990. The liberalized farmers' markets introduced in 1994, sell above-quota production at market prices, expand legal consumption alternatives, and reduce black market prices.

Income taxes and increased regulations introduced since 1996 have sharply reduced the number of legally self-employed from a high of 208,000 in January 1996. Havana announced in 1995 that GDP declined by 35% during 1989-93 as a result of lost Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies.

The slide in GDP came to a halt in 1994 when Cuba reported growth in GDP of 0.7%. Cuba reported that GDP increased by 2.5% in 1995 and 7.8% in 1996, before slowing down in 1997 and 1998 to 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. Growth recovered with a 6.2% increase in GDP in 1999 and a 5.6% increase in 2000.

Much of Cuba's recovery can be attributed to tourism revenues and foreign investment. Growth in 2001 should continue at the same level as the government balances the need for economic loosening against its concern for firm political control.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $19.2 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 7% industry: 37% services: 56% (1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 25%, industry 24%, services 51% (1998)

Budget

revenues: $13.5 billion expenditures: $14.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Industries

sugar, petroleum, tobacco, chemicals, construction, services, nickel, steel, cement, agricultural machinery

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 94.2% hydro: 0.7% nuclear: 0% other: 5.1% (1999)

Agriculture - products

sugar, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock

Exports

$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities

sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Imports

$3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment, consumer goods

Debt - external

$11.1 billion (convertible currency, 1999); another $15 billion -$20 billion owed to Russia (2000)

Economic aid - recipient

$68.2 million (1997 est.)

Currency

Cuban peso (CUP)

Exchange rates

  • Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
  • convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar per 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields
Mobile cellular
2,994
(1997)
Fixed lines
473,031
(2000) · country code .cu

Telephone system

general assessment:
  • NA domestic: principal trunk system, end to end of country, is coaxial cable;
  • fiber-optic distribution in Havana and on Isla de la Juventud;
  • 2 microwave radio relay installations (one is old, US-built; the other newer, Soviet-built);
  • both analog and digital mobile cellular service established international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios

3.9 million (1997)

Televisions

2.64 million (1997)

Internet users

60,000 (2000)

Transportation

8 fields

Railways

total:
  • 11,969 km standard gauge: 4,807 km 1.435-m gauge (147 km electrified) note: in addition to the 4,807 km of standard gauge track in public use, 7,162 km of track is in private use by sugar plantations;
  • about 90% of the private use track is standard gauge and the rest is narrow gauge (2000)

Highways

total: 60,858 km paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway) unpaved: 31,038 km (1997)

Waterways

240 km

Ports and harbors

Cienfuegos, Havana, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Nuevitas, Santiago de Cuba

Merchant marine

total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,821 GRT/78,062 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 7, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 5 (2000 est.)

Airports

171 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 77 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 35 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 94 914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 63 (2000 est.)

Military

8 fields

Military branches

  • Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) includes ground forces, Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Territorial Troops Militia (MTT), and Youth Labor Army (EJT);
  • the Border Guard (TGF) is controlled by the Interior Ministry

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 3,090,633 females age 15-49: 3,029,274 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 1,911,160 females age 15-49: 1,867,958 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

males: 79,562 females: 85,650 (2001 est.)

Military - note

Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba, cut off almost all military aid by 1993

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Illicit drugs

  • territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for cocaine bound for the US and Europe;
  • established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Central Intelligence Agency. “Cuba.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/cuba/2001.

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