The CIA World Factbook Every edition, 1990 to 2024 Central America and the Caribbean
Telecommunication systems Panama, in 35 editions.
The entry for Panama published Telecommunication systems in 35 editions of 36, from 1990 to 2024. The text changed in 24 editions. Each is shown as published. Telecommunication systems in every entry.
- editions changed the text
- 24
- the first edition with it
- 1990
- the latest edition with it
- 2024
Published as “Telecommunications” (1990 to 1994), “Telephone system” (1995 to 2019) and “Telecommunication systems” (2020 to 2024).
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe edition shownChoose an edition on the strip beside the text, or step through them with the arrows. Mark changes compares it with the edition before: the marks are ours, words added and words removed.
2024 edition
Same as 2023The same text in 1990 and 1991.
Published as “Telecommunications”
- domestic and international facilities well developed;
- connection into Central American Microwave System;
- 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas;
- 220,000 telephones;
- stations--91 AM, no FM, 23 TV;
- 1 coaxial submarine cable
domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into Central American Microwave System; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas; 220,000 telephones; stations--91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable
The same text in 1992 and 1993.
Published as “Telecommunications”
- domestic and international facilities well developed;
- connection into Central American Microwave System;
- 220,000 telephones;
- broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV;
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into
Central American Microwave System; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas; 220,000 telephones; stations--91 broadcast stations -
91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable cable; satellite ground stations -
2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
Published as “Telecommunications”
- domestic and international facilities well developed;
- connection into Central American Microwave System;
- 220,000 telephones;
- broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV;
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into
Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast
stations -
ground stations -
Published as “Telephone system”
220,000 telephones; domestic and international facilities well developed
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations;
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
Rewritten: too little of the 1994 text remains to mark the changes.
220,000 telephones; domestic and international
facilities well developed
local: NA
intercity: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean)
earth stations; connected to the Central American Microwave System
Published as “Telephone system”
domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
220,000 telephones; domestic and internationaldevelopedlocal: NA developedintercity: domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations -
2 INTELSAT Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) Ocean); connected to the Central American
earth stations;
Microwave System
Published as “Telephone system”
domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
domestic and international facilities well
domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations -
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American
System
Published as “Telephone system”
domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 stations-2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave
System
Published as “Telephone system”
domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
domestic and international facilities well
developed
domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations-2 stations--2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave
Microwave System
Published as “Telephone system”
domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
domestic and international facilities well
domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations--2stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed domestic: NA international: 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed
The same text in 2002 and 2003.
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic: NA
international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System
The same text in 4 editions, 2004 to 2007.
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- NA
- international:
- country code - 507;
- 1 coaxial submarine cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic: NA
international: country code - 507; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is approaching 90 per 100 persons
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2007)
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic: NA combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is approaching 90 per 100 persons
international: country code - 507; 1 coaxial landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable; cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2007)
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly with combined fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity reaching 130 per 100 persons in 2008
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2008)
general assessment:
domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic:
mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly with combined fixed-line fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity is approaching 90 reaching 130 per 100 persons in 2008
international:
country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2007) (2008)
The same text in 2010 and 2011.
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2008)
general assessment:
domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic:
mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly with combined fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity reaching 130 per 100 persons in 2008
international:
country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2008)
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well developed
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System
general assessment:
domestic and international facilities well developed
domestic:
mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
international:
country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2008)
The same text in 2013 and 2014.
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2011)
general assessment:
domestic and international facilities well developed well-developed
domestic:
mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
international:
country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2011)
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2011)
general assessment:
domestic:
international:
The same text in 2016 and 2017.
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2015)
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed
domestic: mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
international: country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2011) (2015)
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed (2015)
- domestic:
- mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly (2015)
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2015)
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed (2015)
domestic: mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly (2015)
international: country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2015)
Published as “Telephone system”
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed;
- investment from international operators;
- competion among operators helps reduce price of services;
- launches LTE services;
- (2018)
- domestic:
- fixed-line 16 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone 159 per 100 and subscribership has increased rapidly (2018)
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1, submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed (2015) well-developed; investment from international operators; competion among operators helps reduce price of services; launches LTE services; (2018)
domestic: fixed-line 16 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone 159 per 100 and subscribership has increased rapidly (2015) (2018)
international: country code - 507; landing point points for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2015) (2019)
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed;
- investment from international operators;
- competition among operators helps reduce price of services;
- launch of LTE services;
- govt. fixed-line projects and popularity of mobile broadband connectivity see growth;
- Chinese company Huawei helps with G-fast technologies (2020)
- domestic:
- fixed-line 17 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone 132 per 100 (2019)
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed; investment from international operators; competion competition among operators helps reduce price of services; launches launch of LTE services; (2018) govt. fixed-line projects and popularity of mobile broadband connectivity see growth; Chinese company Huawei helps with G-fast technologies (2020)
domestic: fixed-line 16 17 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone 159 132 per 100 and subscribership has increased rapidly (2018) (2019)
international: country code - 507; landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1, MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated
- general assessment:
- domestic and international facilities well-developed;
- steady increase in telecom revenue with effective competition;
- mobile connections account for 90% of connections;
- government-funded program to improve Internet infrastructure;
- connectivity through two submarine cables;
- launch of LTE services;
- Chinese company Huawei investment in bandwidth technologies;
- importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020)
- domestic:
- fixed-line 17 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone 132 per 100 (2019)
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed; investment from international operators; competition among operators helps reduce price steady increase in telecom revenue with effective competition; mobile connections account for 90% of services; connections; government-funded program to improve Internet infrastructure; connectivity through two submarine cables; launch of LTE services; govt. fixed-line projects and popularity of mobile broadband connectivity see growth; Chinese company Huawei helps with G-fast technologies investment in bandwidth technologies; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020)
domestic: fixed-line 17 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone 132 per 100 (2019)
international: country code - 507; landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect consequent restriction on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable services as a tool for work and satellite - has moderated school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
- general assessment:
- Panama has seen a steady increase in revenue from the telecom sector in recent years;
- mobile services and broadband remain the key growth sectors, with mobile connections accounting for 90% of all connections, and over half of telecom sector revenue;
- the mobile market has effective competition;
- internet services have grown in recent years as consumers responded to government fixed-line projects, improved mobile broadband connectivity and mobile applications (2021)
- domestic:
- fixed-line about 14 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone roughly 132 per 100 (2020)
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed; Panama has seen a steady increase in telecom revenue from the telecom sector in recent years; mobile services and broadband remain the key growth sectors, with effective competition; mobile connections account accounting for 90% of connections; government-funded program to improve Internet infrastructure; connectivity through two submarine cables; launch all connections, and over half of LTE services; Chinese company Huawei investment telecom sector revenue; the mobile market has effective competition; internet services have grown in bandwidth technologies; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020) recent years as consumers responded to government fixed-line projects, improved mobile broadband connectivity and mobile applications (2021)
domestic: fixed-line 17 about 14 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone roughly 132 per 100 (2019) (2020)
international: country code - 507; landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards toward 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and has increased due to the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became is still evident, and received some support from governments the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
The same text in 2023 and 2024.
- general assessment:
- Panama has seen a steady increase in revenue from the telecom sector in recent years;
- mobile services and broadband remain the key growth sectors, with mobile connections accounting for 90% of all connections, and over half of telecom sector revenue;
- the mobile market has effective competition;
- internet services have grown in recent years as consumers responded to government fixed-line projects, improved mobile broadband connectivity and mobile applications (2021)
- domestic:
- fixed-line is 18 per 100 and subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone is 138 per 100 (2021)
- international:
- country code - 507;
- landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
- connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
general assessment: Panama has seen a steady increase in revenue from the telecom sector in recent years; mobile services and broadband remain the key growth sectors, with mobile connections accounting for 90% of all connections, and over half of telecom sector revenue; the mobile market has effective competition; internet services have grown in recent years as consumers responded to government fixed-line projects, improved mobile broadband connectivity and mobile applications (2021)
domestic: fixed-line about 14 is 18 per 100 and rapid subscribership of mobile-cellular telephone roughly 132 is 138 per 100 (2020) (2021)
international: country code - 507; landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)
note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
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Cite this page
Central Intelligence Agency. “Panama: Telecommunication systems.” The World Factbook, 1990–2024 editions. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/panama/telecommunication-systems.