Syria
Syrian Arab RepublicAl Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
republic under an authoritarian military-dominated regime
Syria as the 2008 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 134 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.
No fields match. Try a shorter word.
Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, France administered Syria until its independence in 1946. The country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the Socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawite sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country.
In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah.
Geography
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey
20 fieldsLand useshare of 185,180 sq km
Climate
- mostly desert;
- hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast;
- cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Natural resources
petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
- total:
- 19.95 cu km/yr (3%/2%/95%)
- per capita:
- 1,048 cu m/yr (2000)
Environment - current issues
- deforestation;
- overgrazing;
- soil erosion;
- desertification;
- water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes;
- inadequate potable water
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
- signed, but not ratified:
- Environmental Modification
Geography - note
there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 2005 est.)
People
20 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2008 est.)
Note
Per 1,000 population(2008 est.)
Male · female
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.06 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.06 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.89 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 1.05 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Religions
Sunni Muslim 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)
Languages
- Arabic (official);
- Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood;
- French, English somewhat understood
Government
Republic under an authoritarian military-dominated regime; President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003)
18 fieldsPeople's Council or Majlis al-Shaab, 250 seats, elected 22-23 April 2007one dot, one seat
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Syrian Arab Republic
- conventional short form:
- Syria
- local long form:
- Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
- local short form:
- Suriyah
- former:
- United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
Capital
- name:
- Damascus
- geographic coordinates:
- 33 30 N, 36 18 E
- time difference:
- UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 30 September
Administrative divisions
- 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah);
- Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus
Legal system
- based on a combination of French and Ottoman civil law;
- Islamic law is used in the family court system;
- has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
- Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy;
- Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits);
- referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014);
- the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
- election results:
- Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
Legislative branch
unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
- elections:
- last held on 22-23 April 2007 (next to be held in 2011)
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NPF 172, independents 78
Judicial branch
- Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the president);
- national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the President);
- Court of Cassation;
- Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts);
- local level - Magistrate Courts;
- Courts of First Instance;
- Juvenile Courts;
- Customs Courts;
- specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes);
- Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security);
- Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)
Political parties and leaders
- legal parties:
- National Progressive Front or NPF [President Bashar al-ASAD, Dr. Suleiman QADDAH] (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallah Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Union or ASU [Safwan QUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yusuf Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSU]; Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]);
- opposition parties not legally recognized:: Arab Democratic Socialist Union Party [Hasan Abdul AZIM];
- Arab Socialist Movement;
- Democratic Ba'th Party [Ibrahim MAHKOS];
- People's Democratic Party [Riad al TURK];
- Revolutionary Workers' Party [Abdul Hafeez al HAFEZ]
- Kurdish parties (considered illegal):
- Kurdish Democratic Front [Abdul Hamid DARWISH] (includes four parties);
- Kurdish Coordination [Abdul Hakim BASHAR] (includes
- other parties:
- Nahda Party [Abdul Aziz al MISLET]; Syrian Democratic Party [Mustafa QALAAJI]
Political pressure groups and leaders
- Damascus Declaration National Council [Riyad SEIF, secretary general] (a broad alliance of opposition groups and individuals including: Committee for Revival of Civil Society [Michel KILO, Riyad SEIF], Communist Action Party [Fateh JAMOUS], Kurdish Democratic Alliance, Kurdish Democratic Front, Liberal Nationalists' Movement, National Democratic Front, National Democratic Rally, and Syrian Human Rights Society or HRAS [Fawed FAWUZ]);
- National Salvation Front (alliance between former Vice President Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, the SMB, and other small opposition groups);
- Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Sadr al-Din al-BAYANUNI] (operates in exile in London; endorsed the Damascus Declaration, but is not an official member)
International organization participation
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Imad MUSTAFA
- chancery:
- 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 232-6313
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 234-9548
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Maura CONNELLY
- embassy:
- Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus
- mailing address:
- P. O. Box 29, Damascus
- telephone:
- [963] (11) 3391-4444
- FAX:
- [963] (11) 3391-3999
Flag description
- three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag;
- two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
- former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt;
- similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band;
- the current design dates to 1980
Economy
47 fieldsGDP - composition by sector(2007 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
Electricity
Economy - overview
The Syrian economy grew by an estimated 3.3% in real terms in 2007 led by the petroleum and agricultural sectors, which together account for about one-half of GDP. Higher crude oil prices countered declining oil production and led to higher budgetary and export receipts. Damascus has implemented modest economic reforms in the past few years, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating all of the multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, most notably gasoline and cement, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange - which is set to begin operations in 2009.
In October 2007, for example, Damascus raised the price of subsidized gasoline by 20%, and may institute a rationing system in 2008. In addition, President ASAD signed legislative decrees to encourage corporate ownership reform, and to allow the Central Bank to issue Treasury bills and bonds for government debt.
Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Long-run economic constraints include declining oil production, high unemployment and inflation, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.
Stock of money
$58.84 billion
note: This number reflects the greatly overvalued official exchange rate of 11.23 Syrian pounds per dollar. At the unofficial rate of 50 Syrian pounds per dollar,
the stock of Syrian pounds would equal US$13.22 billion and Syria's velocity of money (the number of times money turns over in the course of a year) would be three, in line with the velocity of money for other countries in the region. (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products
wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk
Industries
petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, car assembly
Exports - commodities
crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat
Imports - commodities
machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper
Exchange rates
Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), 52.8 (2003)
note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03 are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official rate for repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during 2004-06,
Communications
8 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology
- domestic:
- the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000;
- mobile-cellular service growing rapidly and teledensity about 35 wireless telephones per 100 persons;
- coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
- international:
- country code - 963;
- submarine cable connection to Cyprus;
- satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region);
- coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey;
- participant in Medarabtel
Transportation
10 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Merchant marine
- total:
- 77
- by type:
- bulk carrier 5, cargo 65, carrier 4, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
- foreign-owned:
- 7 (Jordan 2, Lebanon 3, Romania 2)
- registered in other countries:
- 196 (Barbados 1, Bolivia 2, Cambodia 48, Comoros 4, Cyprus 2, Dominica 2, Georgia 49, Hong Kong 1, North Korea 1, Lebanon 2, Libya 2, Malta 6, Moldova 1, Panama 32, Saint Kitts and Nevis 7, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Sierra Leone 18, Slovakia 2, Togo 2, unknown 1) (2008)
Military
Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air and Air Defense Forces (includes Air Defense Command) (2008)
6 fieldsMilitary branches
Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air and Air Defense Forces (includes Air Defense Command) (2008)
Military service age and obligation
- 18 years of age for compulsory military service;
- conscript service obligation - 30 months (18 months in the Syrian Arab Navy);
- women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve (2004)
Manpower available for military service
- males age 16-49:
- 5,251,875
- females age 16-49:
- 4,966,367 (2008 est.)
Transnational Issues
4 fieldsDisputes - international
- Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since 1964;
- lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute;
- since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a farms in the Golan Heights;
- 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan;
- approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan
Refugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees (country of origin):
- 1-1.4 million (Iraq); 522,100 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
- IDPs:
- 305,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)
Trafficking in persons
- current situation:
- Syria is a destination and transit country for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor;
- a significant number of women and children in the large and expanding Iraqi refugee community in Syria are reportedly forced into commercial sexual exploitation by Iraqi gangs or, in some cases, their families;
- women from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Ethiopia, and Sierra Leone are recruited for work in Syria as domestic servants, but some face conditions of involuntary servitude, including long hours, non-payment of wages, withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, threats, and physical or sexual abuse
- tier rating:
- Tier 3 - Syria again failed to report any law enforcement efforts to punish trafficking offenses in 2007;
- in addition, the government did not offer protection services to victims of trafficking and may have arrested, prosecuted, or deported some victims for prostitution or immigration violations;
- Syria has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
Illicit drugs
- a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets;
- weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Syria.” The World Factbook 2008. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/syria/2008.