United States

United States of America

federal republicIndependence 4 July 1776 (from England)

United States as the 1995 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 85 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalWashington, DC

Area9,372,610 sq km

LocationNorth America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and

Populationas each edition published it

263.81 million July 1995 est. · 250.41m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.02% 1995 est. · 1.02% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 35.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

75.99 years 1995 est. · 75.8 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.08 children per woman 1995 est. · 1.9 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

7.88 deaths per 1,000 live births 1995 est. · 10 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$25,850 1994 · $23,400 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

4.1% 1994 · 2.1% in 1993

Geography

North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and | the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

14 fields

Land useshare of 9,372,610 sq km

arable land 20%permanent crops 0%meadows and pastures 26%forest and woodland 29%other 25%irrigated 181,020 sq km (1989 est.)

Area

9,372,610sq km

land area: 9,166,600 sq kmnote: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia

comparative area:: about half the size of Russia;
about three-tenths the size of Africa;
about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil);
slightly smaller than China;
about two and one-half times the size of Western Europe

Coastline

19,924km

contiguous zone: 12 nmcontinental shelf: not specifiedexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Land boundaries

12,248km

total · Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29 km (US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay), Mexico 3,326 km

Location

North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

International disputes

maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island);
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease;
Haiti claims Navassa Island;
US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation;
Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

Climate

mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest;
low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

Terrain

vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east;
rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska;
rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii

Natural resources

coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber

Environment

current issues:: air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada;
the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels;
water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers;
very limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management;
desertification
natural hazards:: tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin;
hurricanes along the Atlantic coast;
tornadoes in the midwest;
mudslides in California;
forest fires in the west;
flooding;
permafrost in northern Alaska is a major impediment to development
international agreements:: party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling;
signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Tropical Timber 94

Note

world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China)

People

15 fields

Population

263,814,032

(July 1995 est.)growth rate: 1.02% (1995 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1995 est.)

Birth

15.25Death

8.38Net migration

3.34

Male · female(1995 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years75.99

72.8 · 79.7

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy97%

97% · 97%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling (1979)

Ethnic divisions(1992)

white 83.4%black 12.4%Asian 3.3%Native American 0.8% (1992)

Religions(1989)

Protestant 56%Roman Catholic 28%Jewish 2%other 4%none 10% (1989)

Labor force

131.056million

(includes unemployed) (1994)

by occupation: managerial and professional 27.5%, technical, sales and administrative support 30.3%, services 13.7%, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and crafts 25.5%, farming, forestry, and fishing 2.9%

Age structure

0-14 years:: 22% (female 28,391,451; male 29,845,630)
15-64 years:: 65% (female 86,454,415; male 85,474,002)
65 years and over:: 13% (female 19,949,978; male 13,698,559) (July 1995 est.)

Infant mortality rate

7.88 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.08 children born/woman (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun:: American(s)
adjective:: American

Languages

English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)

Government

Federal republic

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

43.2%

William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%George BUSH (Republican Party) 37.7%Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%other 0.1%

Legislature, 100 seatsone dot, one seat

Republican Party 54Democratic Party 46

Legislature, 435 seatsseats by party

Republican Party 231Democratic Party 203independent 1

Names

conventional long form:: United States of America
conventional short form:: United States

Abbreviation

US or USA

Digraph

Type

federal republic; strong democratic tradition

Capital

Washington, DC

Administrative divisions

50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Dependent areas

American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island

note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986);

Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986)

Independence

4 July 1776 (from England)

National holiday

Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Constitution

17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789

Legal system

based on English common law;
judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state and head of government:: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993);
Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993);
election last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996);
results - William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1%
cabinet:: Cabinet; appointed by the president with Senate approval

Legislative branch

bicameral Congress

Senate

elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held 5 November 1996);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (100 total) Republican Party 54, Democratic Party 46

House of Representatives

elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held 5 November 1996);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (435 total) Republican Party 231, Democratic Party 203, independent 1

Judicial branch

Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders

Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman;
Jeanie AUSTIN, co-chairman;
Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee chairman;
several other groups or parties of minor political significance

Member of

AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CP, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, FAO, G- 2, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Flag

thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;
there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars;
the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
known as Old Glory;
the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags including
- Chile,
- Liberia,
- Malaysia,
- and Puerto Rico

Economy

The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically | advanced economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $25,850, the | largest among major industrial nations.

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GDP per capita, PPP

$25,850

(1994)

Real growth rate

4.1%

(1994)industrial production growth: growth rate 5.4% (1994 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

2.6%

(1994)

Unemployment rate

5.5%

(March 1995)

Budget

Revenues

$1.258 trillionExpenditures

$1.461 trillion (1994)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Installed generating capacity, 695,120,000 kW

Electricity production

3.1 trillionElectricity consumption per capita

11,236 (1993)

Overview

The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $25,850, the largest among major industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace.

In 1989 the economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and a general decline in business and consumer confidence.

In 1991 output fell by 0.6%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth picked up to 2.3% in 1992 and to 3.1% in 1993. Unemployment, however, declined only gradually, the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker. The year 1994 witnessed a solid 4% gain in real output, a low inflation rate of 2.6%, and a drop in unemployment below 6%. The capture of both houses of Congress by the Republicans in the elections of 8 November 1994 means substantial changes are likely in US economic policy, including changes in the ways the US will address its major economic problems in 1995-96.

These problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs of an aging population, and sizable budget and trade deficits.

National product

GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.7384 trillion (1994)

Exports

$513 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

commodities:: capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products
partners:: Western Europe 24.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 10.5% (1993)

Imports

$664 billion (c.i.f., 1994)

commodities:: crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages
partners:: Canada, 19.3%, Western Europe 18.1%, Japan 18.1% (1993)

External debt

$NA

Industries

leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified and technologically advanced;
petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

Agriculture

accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.9% of labor force;
favorable climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock production;
world's second largest producer and number one exporter of grain;
surplus food producer;
fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons (1990)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana;
ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production

Economic aid

donor: commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion

Currency

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

British pounds

(#) per US$ - 0.6350 (January 1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6033 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990)

Canadian dollars

(Can$) per US$ - 1.4129 (January 1995), 1.3656 (1994), 1.2901 (1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990)

French francs

(F) per US$ - 5.2943 (January 1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990)

Italian lire

(Lit) per US$ - 1,609.5 (January 1995), 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990)

Japanese yen

(Y) per US$ - 99.75 (January 1995), 102.21 (1994), 111.20 (1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990)

German deutsche marks

(DM) per US$ - 1.5313 (January 1995), 1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990)

Fiscal year

1 October - 30 September

Transportation

7 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 15,032 in all

181

over 3,047 m

208

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,242

1,524 to 2,437 m

2,489

914 to 1,523 m

1,730

8,994

under 914 m

1,524 to 2,438 m

180

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

6,243,163Railroads

240,000

Highways: paved: 3,633,520 km (including 84,865 km of expressways) · unpaved: 2,609,643 km (1990) · Railroads: (nongovernment owned) · standard gauge: 240,000 km 1.435-m gauge (1989)

Railroads

total:: 240,000 km mainline routes (nongovernment owned)
standard gauge:: 240,000 km 1.435-m gauge (1989)

Highways

total:: 6,243,163 km
paved:: 3,633,520 km (including 84,865 km of expressways)
unpaved:: 2,609,643 km (1990)

Inland waterways

41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.)

Pipelines

petroleum 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km (1991)

Ports

Anchorage, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Duluth, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Port Canaveral, Portland (Oregon), Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Toledo

Merchant marine

total:: 354 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,462,000 GRT/16,477,000 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 22, cargo 28, chemical tanker 16, intermodal 130, liquefied gas tanker 13, passenger-cargo 2, tanker 130, tanker tug-barge 13

note: in addition, there are 189 government-owned vessels

Communications

3 fields

Telephone system

126,000,000 telephones; 7,557,000 cellular telephones

local:: NA
intercity:: large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites
international:: 16 satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; 61 INTELSAT (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean) earth stations (1990)