Austria
Republic of AustriaRepublik Oesterreich
federal republicIndependence 12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)
Austria as the 2015 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 240 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal.
The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.
Geography
Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia
40 fieldsClimate
- temperate;
- continental, cloudy;
- cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains;
- moderate summers with occasional showers
Terrain
mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins
Natural resources
oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower
Land use
- agricultural land:
- 38.4%;
- arable land 16.5%;
- permanent crops 0.8%;
- permanent pasture 21.1%
- forest:
- 47.2%
- other:
- 14.4% (2011 est.)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
- total:
- 3.66 cu km/yr (18%/79%/3%)
- per capita:
- 452.4 cu m/yr (2008)
Environment - current issues
- some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
- soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals;
- air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
Geography - note
- landlocked;
- strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys;
- major river is the Danube;
- population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere
Area - comparative
about the size of South Carolina; slightly more than two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania
Land boundaries
- total:
- 2,524 km
- border countries (8):
- Czech Republic 402 km, Germany 801 km, Hungary 321 km, Italy 404 km, Liechtenstein 34 km, Slovakia 105 km, Slovenia 299 km, Switzerland 158 km
Climate
- temperate;
- continental, cloudy;
- cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains;
- moderate summers with occasional showers
Terrain
mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins
Natural resources
oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower
Land use
- agricultural land:
- 38.4%;
- arable land 16.5%;
- permanent crops 0.8%;
- permanent pasture 21.1%
- forest:
- 47.2%
- other:
- 14.4% (2011 est.)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
- total:
- 3.66 cu km/yr (18%/79%/3%)
- per capita:
- 452.4 cu m/yr (2008)
Environment - current issues
- some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
- soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals;
- air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
Geography - note
- landlocked;
- strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys;
- major river is the Danube;
- population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere
People and Society
62 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2015 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2015 est.)
Male · female
Ethnic groups(2001 census)
Religions(2001 est.)
Languages
German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in South Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 15-24 years:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 25-54 years:
- 1 male(s)/female
- 55-64 years:
- 0.98 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.76 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
Ethnic groups
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
Languages
German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in South Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.)
Religions
Catholic 73.8% (includes Roman Catholic 73.6%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 4.9%, Muslim 4.2%, Orthodox 2.2%, other 0.8% (includes other Christian), none 12%, unspecified 2% (2001 est.)
Age structure
- 0-14 years:
- 14.05% (male 622,856/female 594,349)
- 15-24 years:
- 11.55% (male 510,614/female 490,390)
- 25-54 years:
- 42.98% (male 1,861,777/female 1,862,705)
- 55-64 years:
- 12.51% (male 535,691/female 548,022)
- 65 years and over:
- 18.92% (male 706,288/female 932,858) (2015 est.)
Dependency ratios
- total dependency ratio:
- 49.2%
- youth dependency ratio:
- 21.2%
- elderly dependency ratio:
- 28%
- potential support ratio:
- 3.6% (2015 est.)
Urbanization
- urban population:
- 66% of total population (2015)
- rate of urbanization:
- 0.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 15-24 years:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 25-54 years:
- 1 male(s)/female
- 55-64 years:
- 0.98 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.76 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
Infant mortality rate
- total:
- 3.45 deaths/1,000 live births
- male:
- 3.82 deaths/1,000 live births
- female:
- 3.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 206
Life expectancy at birth
- total population:
- 81.39 years
- male:
- 78.76 years
- female:
- 84.15 years (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
Drinking water source
- urban:
- 100% of population
- rural:
- 100% of population
- total:
- 100% of population
- urban:
- 0% of population
- rural:
- 0% of population
- total:
- 0% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access
- urban:
- 100% of population
- rural:
- 100% of population
- total:
- 100% of population
- urban:
- 0% of population
- rural:
- 0% of population
- total:
- 0% of population (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
- total:
- 16 years
- male:
- 15 years
- female:
- 16 years (2012)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
- total:
- 8.7%
- male:
- 8.8%
- female:
- 8.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
Government
Federal republic; President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004); Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2 December 2008)
42 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
National Council, 183 seats, elected 29 September 2013one dot, one seat
Percent of vote
National Council, 183 seats, elected 29 September 2013one dot, one seat
Percent of vote
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Austria
- conventional short form:
- Austria
- local long form:
- Republik Oesterreich
- local short form:
- Oesterreich
note: the name Oesterreich means "eastern realm" or "eastern march" and dates back to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria,
and in fact of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name
Capital
- name:
- Vienna
- geographic coordinates:
- 48 12 N, 16 22 E
- time difference:
- UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions
- 9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland);
- Burgenland, Kaernten (Carinthia), Niederoesterreich (Lower Austria), Oberoesterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)
Independence
- 12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed);
- notable earlier dates: 976 (Margravate of Austria established);
- 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded);
- 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed)
National holiday
National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality
Constitution
- several previous;
- latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian-corporate constitution), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation;
- latest reinstated 1 May 1945 (1920 constitution with 1929 revisions);
- amended many times, last in 2008 (2013)
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
- head of government:
- Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2 December 2008); Vice Chancellor Michael SPINDELEGGER (OeVP) (since 21 April 2011)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April 2016);
- chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly;
- vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor
- election results:
- Heinz FISCHER reelected president; percent of vote - Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 79.3%, Barbara ROSENKRANZ (FPOe) 15.2%, Rudolf GEHRING 5.4%
Legislative branch
- description:
- bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (62 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
- elections:
- National Council - last held on 29 September 2013 (next to be held by September 2018)
- election results:
- National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 27.1%, OeVP 23.8%, FPOe 21.4%, Greens 11.5%, Team Stronach 5.8%, NEOS 4.8%, other 5.6%;
- seats by party - SPOe 53, OeVP 46, FPOe 42, Greens 22;
- Team Stronach 11, NEOS 9
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Supreme Court of Justice or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 85 judges organized into 17 senates or panels of 5 judges each);
- Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof (consists of 20 judges including 6 substitutes; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof - 2 judges plus other members depending on the importance of the case)
- judge selection and term of office:
- Supreme Court judges nominated by executive branch departments and appointed by the president;
- judges serve for life;
- Constitutional Court judges nominated by several executive branch departments and approved by the president;
- judges serve for life;
- Administrative Court judges recommended by executive branch departments and appointed by the president;
- terms of judges and members determined by the president
- subordinate courts:
- Courts of Appeal (4);
- Regional Courts (20);
- district courts (120);
- county courts
Political parties and leaders
- Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Josef BUCHER]
- Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Reinhold MITTERLEHNER]
- Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER]
- Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]
- The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG]
- NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ]
- Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Werner FAYMANN]
- "Team Stronach" [Frank STRONACH]
Political pressure groups and leaders
Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic); Federal Economic Chamber (OeVP-dominated); Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank); OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action; other: three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Hans Peter MANZ (since 2 December 2011)
- chancery:
- 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 895-6700
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 895-6750
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Alexa Lange WESNER (since 22 October 2013)
- embassy:
- Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [43] (1) 31339-0
- FAX:
- [43] (1) 3100682
Flag description
- three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red;
- the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world;
- according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered;
- upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed;
- the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner
National anthem
- name:
- "Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn)
- lyrics/music:
- Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)
note: adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" (Land of the Mountains, Land on the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime;
a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Parliament in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Austria
- conventional short form:
- Austria
- local long form:
- Republik Oesterreich
- local short form:
- Oesterreich
note: the name Oesterreich means "eastern realm" or "eastern march" and dates back to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria,
and in fact of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name
Capital
- name:
- Vienna
- geographic coordinates:
- 48 12 N, 16 22 E
- time difference:
- UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions
- 9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland);
- Burgenland, Kaernten (Carinthia), Niederoesterreich (Lower Austria), Oberoesterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)
Independence
- 12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed);
- notable earlier dates: 976 (Margravate of Austria established);
- 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded);
- 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed)
National holiday
National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality
Constitution
- several previous;
- latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934 (authoritarian-corporate constitution), replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation;
- latest reinstated 1 May 1945 (1920 constitution with 1929 revisions);
- amended many times, last in 2008 (2013)
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
- head of government:
- Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2 December 2008); Vice Chancellor Michael SPINDELEGGER (OeVP) (since 21 April 2011)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
- elections/appointments:
- president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April 2016);
- chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly;
- vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor
- election results:
- Heinz FISCHER reelected president; percent of vote - Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 79.3%, Barbara ROSENKRANZ (FPOe) 15.2%, Rudolf GEHRING 5.4%
Legislative branch
- description:
- bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (62 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
- elections:
- National Council - last held on 29 September 2013 (next to be held by September 2018)
- election results:
- National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 27.1%, OeVP 23.8%, FPOe 21.4%, Greens 11.5%, Team Stronach 5.8%, NEOS 4.8%, other 5.6%;
- seats by party - SPOe 53, OeVP 46, FPOe 42, Greens 22;
- Team Stronach 11, NEOS 9
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Supreme Court of Justice or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 85 judges organized into 17 senates or panels of 5 judges each);
- Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof (consists of 20 judges including 6 substitutes; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof - 2 judges plus other members depending on the importance of the case)
- judge selection and term of office:
- Supreme Court judges nominated by executive branch departments and appointed by the president;
- judges serve for life;
- Constitutional Court judges nominated by several executive branch departments and approved by the president;
- judges serve for life;
- Administrative Court judges recommended by executive branch departments and appointed by the president;
- terms of judges and members determined by the president
- subordinate courts:
- Courts of Appeal (4);
- Regional Courts (20);
- district courts (120);
- county courts
Political parties and leaders
- Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Josef BUCHER]
- Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Reinhold MITTERLEHNER]
- Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER]
- Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]
- The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG]
- NEOS - The New Austria [Matthias STROLZ]
- Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Werner FAYMANN]
- "Team Stronach" [Frank STRONACH]
Political pressure groups and leaders
Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic); Federal Economic Chamber (OeVP-dominated); Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank); OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action; other: three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Hans Peter MANZ (since 2 December 2011)
- chancery:
- 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 895-6700
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 895-6750
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Alexa Lange WESNER (since 22 October 2013)
- embassy:
- Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [43] (1) 31339-0
- FAX:
- [43] (1) 3100682
Flag description
- three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red;
- the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world;
- according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered;
- upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed;
- the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner
National anthem
- name:
- "Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn)
- lyrics/music:
- Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)
note: adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" (Land of the Mountains, Land on the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime;
a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Parliament in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012
Economy
Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's.
44 fieldsGDP - composition, by sector of origin(2014 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
By end use% of GDP
Economy - overview
Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a relatively sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector.
Economic growth was anemic at less than 0.5% in 2013 and 2014, and growth in 2015 is not expected to exceed 0.5%. Austria’s 5.6% unemployment rate, while low by European standards, is at an historic high for Austria. Without extensive vocational training programs and generous early retirement, the unemployment rate would be even higher.
Public finances have not stabilized even after a 2012 austerity package of expenditure cuts and new revenues. On the contrary, in 2014, the government created a “bad bank” for the troubled nationalized “Hypo Alpe Adria” bank, pushing the budget deficit up by 0.9% of GDP to 2.4% and public debt to 84.5% of the GDP. Although Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries, it faces several external risks, such as Austrian banks' continued exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, repercussions from the Hypo Alpe Adria bank collapse, political and economic uncertainties caused by the European sovereign debt crisis, the current crisis in Russia/Ukraine, the recent appreciation of the Swiss Franc, and political developments in Hungary.
Economy - overview
Austria, with its well-developed market economy, skilled labor force, and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a relatively sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector.
Economic growth was anemic at less than 0.5% in 2013 and 2014, and growth in 2015 is not expected to exceed 0.5%. Austria’s 5.6% unemployment rate, while low by European standards, is at an historic high for Austria. Without extensive vocational training programs and generous early retirement, the unemployment rate would be even higher.
Public finances have not stabilized even after a 2012 austerity package of expenditure cuts and new revenues. On the contrary, in 2014, the government created a “bad bank” for the troubled nationalized “Hypo Alpe Adria” bank, pushing the budget deficit up by 0.9% of GDP to 2.4% and public debt to 84.5% of the GDP. Although Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries, it faces several external risks, such as Austrian banks' continued exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, repercussions from the Hypo Alpe Adria bank collapse, political and economic uncertainties caused by the European sovereign debt crisis, the current crisis in Russia/Ukraine, the recent appreciation of the Swiss Franc, and political developments in Hungary.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$395.5 billion (2014 est.) · $394.1 billion (2013 est.) · $393.3 billion (2012 est.) note: data are in 2014 US dollars country comparison to the world: 46
GDP - real growth rate
0.3% (2014 est.) · 0.2% (2013 est.) · 0.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 189
Gross national saving
25% of GDP (2014 est.) · 23.9% of GDP (2013 est.) · 26.3% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 49
Industries
construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and wood, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism
Distribution of family income - Gini index
26.3 (2007) · 31 (1995) country comparison to the world: 131
Public debt
84.5% of GDP (2014 est.) · 80.9% of GDP (2013 est.) note: this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices country comparison to the world: 27
Commercial bank prime lending rate
2.1% (31 December 2014 est.) · 2.21% (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 181
Stock of narrow money
$222.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) · $225.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.) note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders country comparison to the world: 19
Stock of broad money
$428.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) · $439.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 27
Stock of domestic credit
$539.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) · $559.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Current account balance
$7.967 billion (2014 est.) · $11.25 billion (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 34
Exports - commodities
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports - commodities
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$23.29 billion (31 December 2013 est.) · $23.29 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 55
Debt - external
$820 billion (31 December 2013 est.) · $812 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home
$300.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) · $286.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad
$365.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) · $346.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 19
Exchange rates
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7489 (2014 est.) · 0.7634 (2013 est.) · 0.78 (2012 est.) · 0.7185 (2011 est.) · 0.755 (2010 est.)
Energy
23 fieldsInstalled generating capacity, 22.36 million kW(2011 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves
48.5 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 79
Natural gas - proved reserves
9.656 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 80
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
66.68 million Mt (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 52
Communications
8 fieldsPer 100 inhabitants(2014 est.)
Telephone system
- general assessment:
- highly developed and efficient
- domestic:
- fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s;
- the fiber-optic net is very extensive;
- all telephone applications and Internet services are available
- international:
- country code - 43;
- satellite earth stations - 15;
- in addition, there are about 600 VSATs (very small aperture terminals) (2007)
Broadcast media
- Austria's public broadcaster, Osterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), was the main broadcast source until commercial radio and TV service was introduced in the 1990s;
- cable and satellite TV are available, including German TV stations (2008)
Transportation
10 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Railways
- total:
- 5,267.7 km
- standard gauge:
- 5,267.7 km 1.435-m gauge (3,556.4 km electrified) (2014)
country comparison to the world: 29
Roadways
- total:
- 124,508 km
- paved:
- 124,508 km (includes 1,719 km of expressways) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 39
Merchant marine
registered in other countries: 3 (Cyprus 1, Kazakhstan 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2010) country comparison to the world: 134
Military
Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK)
6 fieldsMilitary service age and obligation
- registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service;
- 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9-12 months);
- males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service;
- in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)
Manpower available for military service
- males age 16-49:
- 1,941,110
- females age 16-49:
- 1,910,434 (2010 est.)
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsRefugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees (country of origin):
- 11,906 (Afghanistan); 19,577 (Russia) (2014)
- stateless persons:
- 570 (2014)
Illicit drugs
- transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe;
- increasing consumption of European-produced synthetic drugs
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Austria.” The World Factbook 2015. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/austria/2015.