Belarus

Republic of Belarus conventional short form: Belarus local long form: Respublika Byelarus' local short form: none former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

republicIndependence 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Belarus as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 116 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalMinsk

Position53 00 N, 28 00 E

Area207,600 sq km land: 207,600 sq km water: 0 sq km

LocationEastern Europe, east of Poland

Populationas each edition published it

10.35 million July 2001 est. · 10.37m in 1992

Population growth% a year

-0.15% 2001 est. · 0.34% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 36.7 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

68.14 years 2001 est. · 70.73 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

1.28 children per woman 2001 est. · 2.1 in 1992

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

14.38 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 20 in 1992

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$7,500 2000 est. · $5,890 in 1994

GDP real growth% a year

4% 2000 est. · -13% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration but, to date, neither side has actively sought to implement the accord.

Geography

Eastern Europe, east of Poland

18 fields

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Irrigated land

1,000sq km

(1993 est.)

Location

Eastern Europe, east of Poland

Geographic coordinates

53 00 N, 28 00 E

Map references

Commonwealth of Independent States

Area

total: 207,600 sq km land: 207,600 sq km water: 0 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 3,098 km border countries: Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km

Climate

cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

Terrain

generally flat and contains much marshland

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

Natural resources

forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas

Land use

arable land: 29% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 15% forests and woodland: 34% other: 21% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

Environment - current issues

soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note

landlocked

People

18 fields

Population

10,350,194

(July 2001 est.)growth rate: -0.15% (2001 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth

9.57Death

13.97Net migration

2.89

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.28%

(1999 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 17.93% (male 947,820; female 908,210) 15-64 years: 68.21% (male 3,428,920; female 3,631,290) 65 years and over: 13.86% (male 473,992; female 959,962) (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

14.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 68.14 years male: 62.06 years female: 74.52 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.28 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

14,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

400 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Belarusian(s) adjective: Belarusian

Ethnic groups

Byelorussian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and other 7.4%

Religions

Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)

Languages

Byelorussian, Russian, other

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98% male: 99% female: 97% (1989 est.)

Government

Republic; President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir YERMOSHIN (since 18 February 2000)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

85%

Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 85%Vyacheslav KEBICH 15%

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Belarus conventional short form: Belarus local long form: Respublika Byelarus' local short form: none former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type

republic

Capital

Minsk

Administrative divisions

6 voblastsi (singular - voblasts') and one municipality* (harady, singular - horad);
Brestskaya (Brest), Homyel'skaya (Homyel'), Horad Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya (Hrodna), Mahilyowskaya (Mahilyow), Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya (Vitsyebsk);
note - when using a place name with the adjectival ending 'skaya' the word voblasts' should be added to the place name note: voblasti have the administrative center name following in parentheses

Independence

25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday

Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union

Constitution

30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996

Legal system

based on civil law system

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir YERMOSHIN (since 18 February 2000);
First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since 13 March 2000);
Deputy Prime Ministers Mikhail DEMCHUK (since 14 July 2000), Mikhail KHORSTOV (since 27 November 2000), Valeriy KOKOREV (since 23 August 1994), Leonid KOZIK (since 4 February 1997), Gennadiy NOVITSKIY (since 11 February 1997), Aleksandr POPKOV (since 10 November 1998) cabinet: Council of Ministers elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via the November 1996 referendum);
prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO elected president;
percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 85%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 15%

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Natsionalnoye Sobranie consists of the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64 seats) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Pretsaviteley (110 seats) elections: last held October 2000 (next to be held NA) election results: party affiliation data unavailable;
under present political conditions party designations are meaningless

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president);
Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)

Political parties and leaders

Agrarian Party or AP [Semyon SHARETSKY, chairman];
Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman];
Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA];
Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman];
Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA];
Belarusian Social-Democrat or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman];
Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman];
Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV];
Civic Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Stanislav BOGDANKEVICH, chairman];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH, chairman];
Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman];
Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy NETYLKIN, chairman];
Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA [Leanid SECHKA];
Women's Party Nadezhda [Valentina POLEVIKOVA, chairperson]

Political pressure groups and leaders

International organization participation

CCC, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Valeriy TSEPAKLO chancery: 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 986-1604

FAX

[1] (202) 986-1805 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KOZAK embassy: 46 Starovilenskaya St., Minsk 220002 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [375] (17) 210-12-83

FAX

[375] (17) 234-7853

Flag description

red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band;
a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears the Belarusian national ornament in red

Economy

32 fields

Real growth rate

(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 5% (2000 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

200%

(2000 est.)

Unemployment rate

2.1%

officially registered unemployed (December 2000); large number of underemployed workers

Population below poverty line

22%

(1995 est.)

Electricity

Electricity production

24.911 billion (1999)Electricity consumption

27.647 billion (1999)Electricity exports

2.62 billion (1999)Electricity imports

7.1 billion (1999)

Economy - overview

Belarus has seen little structural reform since 1995, when President LUKASHENKO launched the country on the path of "market socialism." In keeping with this policy, LUKASHENKO reimposed administrative controls over prices and currency exchange rates and expanded the state's right to intervene in the management of private enterprise.

In addition to the burdens imposed by extremely high inflation, businesses have been subject to pressure on the part of central and local governments, e.g., arbitrary changes in regulations, numerous rigorous inspections, and retroactive application of new business regulations prohibiting practices that had been legal.

Further economic problems are two consecutive bad harvests, 1998-99, and persistent trade deficits. Close relations with Russia, possibly leading to reunion, color the pattern of economic developments. For the time being, Belarus remains self-isolated from the West and its open-market economies.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $78.8 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $7,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 13% industry: 46% services: 41% (1999 est.)

Labor force

4.8 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation

industry and construction NA%, agriculture and forestry NA%, services NA%

Budget

revenues: $4 billion expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $180 million (1997 est.)

Industries

metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earth movers, motorcycles, television sets, chemical fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 99.9% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Agriculture - products

grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk

Exports

$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs

Exports - partners

Russia 66%, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Lithuania (1998)

Imports

$8.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities

mineral products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Russia 54%, Ukraine, Germany, Poland, Lithuania (1998)

Debt - external

$1 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient

$194.3 million (1995)

Currency

Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Currency code

BYB/BYR

Exchange rates

Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,180 (yearend 2000), 730,000 (15 December 1999), 139,000 (25 January 1999), 46,080 (second quarter 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996);
note - on 1 January 2000, the national currency was redenominated at one new ruble to 2,000 old rubles

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields

Mobile cellular

8,167

(1997)

Internet users

(2000)

Fixed lines

2.313 million

(1997) · country code .by

Telephone system

general assessment:: the Ministry of Telecommunications controls all telecommunications through its carrier (a joint stock company) Beltelcom which is a monopoly domestic: local - Minsk has a digital metropolitan network and a cellular NMT-450 network;
waiting lists for telephones are long;
local service outside Minsk is neglected and poor;
intercity - Belarus has a partly developed fiber-optic backbone system presently serving at least 13 major cities (1998);
Belarus's fiber optics form synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries' systems;
an inadequate analog system remains operational international: Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL);
three fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine;
worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure;
additional analog lines to Russia;
Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations

Radio broadcast stations

AM 28, FM 37, shortwave 11 (1998)

Radios

3.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations

47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions

2.52 million (1997)

Internet users

10,000 (2000)

Transportation

8 fields

Railways

total: 5,523 km broad gauge: 5,523 km 1.520-m gauge (875 km electrified) (2000)

Highways

total: 63,355 km paved: 60,567 km (these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, and include, in addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are surfaced with gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them trafficable in all weather) unpaved: 2,788 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1998)

Military

Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Interior Ministry Troops, Border Guards

7 fields

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.2%

(FY98)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

none

Illicit drugs

limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market;
transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe

Central Intelligence Agency. “Belarus.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/belarus/2001.

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