Bolivia
Plurinational State of BoliviaEstado Plurinacional de Bolivia
presidential republicIndependence 6 August 1825 (from Spain)
Bolivia as the 2025 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 154 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simón BOLÍVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825. Much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of coups and countercoups, with the last coup occurring in 1980. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production.
In 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES as president -- by the widest margin of any leader since 1982 -- after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the poor and indigenous majority. In 2009 and 2014, MORALES easily won reelection, and his party maintained control of the legislative branch. In 2016, MORALES narrowly lost a referendum to approve a constitutional amendment that would have allowed him to compete in the 2019 presidential election.
A subsequent Supreme Court ruling stating that term limits violate human rights provided the justification for MORALES to run despite the referendum, but rising violence, pressure from the military, and widespread allegations of electoral fraud ultimately forced him to flee the country. An interim government, led by President Jeanine AÑEZ Chávez, held new elections in 2020, and Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora was elected president.
Geography
Central South America, southwest of Brazil
20 fieldsLand useshare of 1,098,581 sq km
Terrain
rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
Natural resources
lithium, tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Major lakes (area sq km)
- fresh water lake(s):
- Lago Titicaca (shared with Peru) - 8,030 sq km
- salt water lake(s):
- Lago Poopo - 1,340 sq km
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)
Population distribution
- a high-altitude plain in the west between two cordillera of the Andes, known as the Altiplano, is the focal area for most of the population;
- a dense settlement pattern is also found in and around the city of Santa Cruz, located on the eastern side of the Andes
Natural hazards
flooding in the northeast (March to April)
- volcanism:
- volcanic activity in Andes Mountains on the border with Chile;
- historically active volcanoes in this region are Irruputuncu (5,163 m), which last erupted in 1995, and the Olca-Paruma volcanic complex (5,762 m to 5,167 m)
Geography - note
landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru
People and Society
35 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2024 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2025 est.)
Male · female(2023 est.)
Ethnic groups
- Mestizo (mixed White and Indigenous ancestry) 68%, Indigenous 20%, White 5%, Cholo/Chola 2%, African descent 1%, other 1%, unspecified 3%;
- 44% other Indigenous group, predominantly Quechua or Aymara (2009 est.)
note: results among surveys vary based on the wording of the ethnicity question and the available response choices; the 2001 national census did not provide "Mestizo" as a response choice, resulting in a much higher proportion of respondents identifying themselves as belonging to one of the available indigenous ethnicity choices;
the use of "Mestizo" and "Cholo" varies among response choices in surveys, with surveys using the terms interchangeably, providing one or the other as a response choice, or providing the two as separate response choices
Languages
- Spanish (official) 68.1%, Quechua (official) 17.2%, Aymara (official) 10.5%, Guarani (official) 0.6%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.1%;
- note - Spanish and all Indigenous languages are official (2012 est.)
- major-language sample(s):
- La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish); The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 19.6% (Evangelical (non-specific) 11.9%, Evangelical Baptist 2.1%, Evangelical Pentecostal 1.8%, Evangelical Methodist 0.7%, Adventist 2.8%, Protestant (non-specific) 0.3%), Believer (not belonging to the church) 0.9%, other 4.8%, atheist 1.7%, agnostic 0.6%, none 6.1%, unspecified 1.3% (2023 est.)
Population distribution
- a high-altitude plain in the west between two cordillera of the Andes, known as the Altiplano, is the focal area for most of the population;
- a dense settlement pattern is also found in and around the city of Santa Cruz, located on the eastern side of the Andes
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1.02 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.86 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate
- total:
- 22.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
- male:
- 24.5 deaths/1,000 live births
- female:
- 20 deaths/1,000 live births
Alcohol consumption per capita
- total:
- 2.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- beer:
- 2.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- wine:
- 0.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- spirits:
- 0.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- other alcohols:
- 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Child marriage
- women married by age 15:
- 3.4% (2016)
- women married by age 18:
- 19.7% (2016)
- men married by age 18:
- 5.2% (2016)
Environment
11 fieldsLand use(2023 est.)
Environmental issues
- deforestation from agricultural clearing and international demand for timber;
- soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture);
- desertification;
- loss of biodiversity;
- industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation
International environmental agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
- signed, but not ratified:
- Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
Urbanization
- urban population:
- 71.2% of total population (2023)
- rate of urbanization:
- 1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
21.552 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- from coal and metallurgical coke:
- 24,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- from petroleum and other liquids:
- 13.647 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- from consumed natural gas:
- 7.881 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Methane emissions
- energy:
- 122.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)
- agriculture:
- 673.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
- waste:
- 73.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
- other:
- 150.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
- municipal solid waste generated annually:
- 2.219 million tons (2024 est.)
- percent of municipal solid waste recycled:
- 34.4% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
- municipal:
- 252.91 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
- industrial:
- 32 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
- agricultural:
- 1.92 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Government
Presidential republic; President Rodrigo PAZ Pereira (since 8 November 2025); President Rodrigo PAZ Pereira (since 8 November 2025)
25 fieldsPresidential election, second roundpercent of vote
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Plurinational State of Bolivia
- conventional short form:
- Bolivia
- local long form:
- Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
- local short form:
- Bolivia
- former:
- Upper Peru
- etymology:
- the country is named in honor of Simón BOLÍVAR, a 19th-century leader in the South American wars for independence
Capital
- name:
- La Paz (administrative capital); Sucre (constitutional [legislative and judicial] capital)
- geographic coordinates:
- 16 30 S, 68 09 W
- time difference:
- UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- etymology:
- La Paz is a shortening of the original name of the city, Pueblo Nuevo de Nuestra Señora de La Paz (New Town of Our Lady of Peace );
- Sucre is named after Antonio José de SUCRE (1795-1830), the second president of Bolivia
note: at approximately 3,630 m above sea level, La Paz's elevation makes it the highest capital city in the world
Administrative divisions
9 departments ( departamentos , singular - departamento ); Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
Legal system
civil law system with influences from Roman, Spanish, canon (religious), French, and ethnic groups' pre-colonial law
Constitution
- history:
- many previous; latest drafted 6 August 2006 to 9 December 2008, approved by referendum 25 January 2009, effective 7 February 2009
- amendment process:
- proposed through public petition by at least 20% of voters or by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly;
- passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the Assembly and approval in a referendum
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
- citizenship by birth:
- yes
- citizenship by descent only:
- yes
- dual citizenship recognized:
- yes
- residency requirement for naturalization:
- 3 years
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Rodrigo PAZ Pereira (since 8 November 2025)
- head of government:
- President Rodrigo PAZ Pereira (since 8 November 2025)
- cabinet:
- Cabinet appointed by the president
- election/appointment process:
- president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot one of 3 ways: candidate wins at least 50% of the vote, or at least 40% of the vote and 10% more than the next highest candidate;
- otherwise, a second round is held and the winner determined by simple majority vote;
- president and vice president are elected by majority vote to serve a 5-year term;
- no term limits
- most recent election date:
- 17 August 2025
- election results:
- ;
- 2025: Rodrigo PAZ Pereira elected president in second round;
- percent vote in first round - Rodrigo PAZ Pereira (PDC) 32.1%, Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramírez (LIBRE) 26.7%, Samuel DORIA MEDINA Auza (UN) 19.7%, Andrónico RODRÌGUEZ Ledezma (AP) 8.5%, Manfred REYES Villa (APB Súmate) 6.8%, Eduardo DEL CASTILLO (MAS) 3.2%, other 3%;
- percent of vote in second round - Rodrigo PAZ Pereira 55%, Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramírez 45%
;- 2020: Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora elected president;
- percent of vote - Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (MAS) 55.1%;
- Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (CC) 28.8%;
- Luis Fernando CAMACHO Vaca (Creemos) 14%;
- other 2.1%
- 2019: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president;
- percent of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (MAS) 61%;
- Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana (UN) 24.5%;
- Jorge QUIROGA Ramirez (POC) 9.1%;
- other 5.4%
- expected date of next election:
- 2030
note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch
- legislature name:
- Plurinational Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional)
- legislative structure:
- bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber
- chamber name:
- Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados)
- number of seats:
- 130 (all directly elected)
- electoral system:
- mixed system
- scope of elections:
- full renewal
- term in office:
- 5 years
- most recent election date:
- 8/17/2025
- parties elected and seats per party:
- Christian Democratic Party (PDC) (49);
- LIBRE (39);
- Unity (26);
- Popular Alliance (8);
- Other (8)
- percentage of women in chamber:
- 50.8%
- expected date of next election:
- August 2030
Legislative branch - upper chamber
- chamber name:
- Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores)
- number of seats:
- 36 (all directly elected)
- electoral system:
- proportional representation
- scope of elections:
- full renewal
- term in office:
- 5 years
- most recent election date:
- 8/17/2025
- parties elected and seats per party:
- Christian Democratic Party (PDC) (16);
- LIBRE (12);
- Unity (7);
- Other (1)
- percentage of women in chamber:
- 58.3%
- expected date of next election:
- August 2030
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (consists of 12 judges organized into civil, penal, social, and administrative chambers);
- Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 7 primary and 7 alternate magistrates);
- Plurinational Electoral Organ (consists of 7 members and 6 alternates);
- National Agro-Environment Court (consists of 5 primary and 5 alternate judges; Council of the Judiciary (consists of 3 primary and 3 alternate judges)
- judge selection and term of office:
- Supreme Court, Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal, National Agro-Environmental Court, and Council of the Judiciary candidates pre-selected by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly and elected by direct popular vote;
- judges elected for 6-year terms;
- Plurinational Electoral Organ judges appointed - 6 by the Legislative Assembly and 1 by the president of the republic;
- members serve single 6-year terms
- subordinate courts:
- National Electoral Court;
- District Courts (in each of the 9 administrative departments);
- agro-environmental lower courts
Political parties
- Autonomy for Bolivia – Súmate or APB Súmate
- Christian Democratic Party or PDC
- Community Citizen Alliance or ACC
- Freedom and Democracy or LIBRE
- Front for Victory or FPV
- Movement Toward Socialism or MAS
- National Unity or UN
- Popular Alliance or AP
- Revolutionary Left Front or FRI
- Revolutionary Nationalist Movement or MNR
- Social Democrat Movement or MDS
- Third System Movement or MTS
- We Believe or Creemos
note: We Believe or Creemos [Luis Fernando CAMACHO Vaca] is a coalition comprised of several opposition parties that participated in the 2020 election,
which includes the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) and Solidarity Civic Unity (UCS)
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Henry BALDELOMAR CHÁVEZ (since 11 October 2023)
- chancery:
- 3014 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 483-4410
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 328-3712
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://www.boliviawdc.org/en-us/
- consulate(s) general:
- Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador (vacant); Charg é d'Affaires Debra HEVIA (since September 2023)
- embassy:
- Avenida Arce 2780, Casilla 425, La Paz
- mailing address:
- 3220 La Paz Place, Washington DC 20512-3220
- telephone:
- [591] (2) 216-8000
- FAX:
- [591] (2) 216-8111
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://bo.usembassy.gov/
note: in September 2008, the Bolivian Government expelled the US Ambassador to Bolivia, Philip GOLDBERG, and both countries have yet to reinstate their ambassadors
International organization participation
CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Flag
- description:
- three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band
- meaning:
- red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the land's fertility
- history:
- in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a wiphala - - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's ethnic groups -- to be used alongside the national flag
note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large, five-pointed black star centered in the yellow band
National anthem(s)
- title:
- "Cancion Patriotica" (Patriotic Song)
- lyrics/music:
- Jose Ignacio de SANJINES/Leopoldo Benedetto VINCENTI
- history:
- adopted 1852
National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites:
- 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
- selected World Heritage Site locales:
- City of Potosi (c);
- El Fuerte de Samaipata (c);
- Historic Sucre (c);
- Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos (c);
- Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (n);
- Tiahuanacu (c);
- Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)
Economy
31 fieldsTrading partnersexports left, imports right
By end use% of GDP · (2023 est.)
Budget(2019 est.)
Economic overview
- resource-rich economy benefits during commodity booms;
- has bestowed juridical rights to Mother Earth, impacting extraction industries;
- increasing Chinese lithium mining trade relations;
- hard hit by COVID-19;
- increased fiscal spending amid poverty increases;
- rampant banking and finance corruption
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
- agriculture:
- 13.5% (2023 est.)
- industry:
- 24.2% (2023 est.)
- services:
- 51.1% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Agricultural products
sugarcane, soybeans, maize, potatoes, sorghum, rice, milk, chicken, plantains, beef (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
mining, smelting, electricity, petroleum, food and beverages, handicrafts, clothing, jewelry
Labor force
6.859 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate
3.1% (2024 est.) · 3.1% (2023 est.) · 3.6% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
- total:
- 5.2% (2024 est.)
- male:
- 4.8% (2024 est.)
- female:
- 5.8% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
37.7% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
42.1 (2023 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
- on food:
- 29.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
- on alcohol and tobacco:
- 2.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Remittances
3.2% of GDP (2023 est.) · 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.) · 3.5% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Public debt
49% of GDP (2017 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities
Current account balance
-$1.15 billion (2023 est.) · $939.084 million (2022 est.) · $1.581 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$11.905 billion (2023 est.) · $14.465 billion (2022 est.) · $11.594 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - commodities
gold, natural gas, precious metal ore, zinc ore, soybean meal (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$12.988 billion (2023 est.) · $13.462 billion (2022 est.) · $10.187 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, pesticides, trucks, plastics (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$1.977 billion (2024 est.) · $1.8 billion (2023 est.) · $3.752 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
$11.174 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
bolivianos (BOB) per US dollar - 6.91 (2024 est.) · 6.91 (2023 est.) · 6.91 (2022 est.) · 6.91 (2021 est.) · 6.91 (2020 est.)
Energy
7 fieldsElectrification% of population · (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity, 4.375 million kW(2023 est.)
Coal
- consumption:
- 9,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
- imports:
- 7,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 1 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
- total petroleum production:
- 58,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
- refined petroleum consumption:
- 100,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
- crude oil estimated reserves:
- 240.9 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
- production:
- 12.302 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
- consumption:
- 4.025 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
- exports:
- 7.816 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 302.99 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Communications
6 fieldsPer 100 inhabitants(2022–24 est.)
Broadcast media
- large number of radio and TV stations broadcasting with private media outlets dominating;
- state-owned and private radio and TV stations generally operating freely, although both pro-government and anti-government groups have attacked media outlets in response to their reporting (2019)
Transportation
5 fieldsMerchant marine, 50 ships by typeone square, one ship · (2023)
Military and Security
6 fieldsMilitary and security forces
Bolivian Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia or FAB): Bolivian Army (Ejercito de Boliviano), Bolivian Navy (Armada Boliviana), Bolivian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana); Ministry of Government: National Police (Policía Nacional de Bolivia, PNB) (2025) note: the PNB is part of the reserves for the Armed Forces; the police and military share responsibility for border enforcement
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 30-35,000 active-duty Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military is equipped with a mix of mostly older Brazilian, Chinese, European, and US armaments (2025)
Military service age and obligation
- voluntary service for men and women 18-22 years of age;
- selective 12-month compulsory service for men, 18-22 (24 months of search and rescue service can be substituted for military service) (2025)
note: as of 2024, women comprised about 11% of the Bolivian military's personnel
Military - note
the Bolivian Armed Forces (FAB) are responsible for territorial defense but also have some internal security duties, particularly counternarcotics and border security; the FAB shares responsibility for border enforcement with the National Police (PNB), and it may be called out to assist the PNB with maintaining public order in critical situations
land-locked Bolivia has a naval force for patrolling some 5,000 miles of navigable rivers to combat narcotics trafficking and smuggling, provide disaster relief, and deliver supplies to remote rural areas, as well as for maintaining a presence on Lake Titicaca; the Navy also exists in part to cultivate a maritime tradition and as a reminder of Bolivia’s defeat at the hands of Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879-1883), and its desire to regain access to the Pacific Ocean;
every year on 23 March, the Navy participates in parades and government ceremonies commemorating the Día Del Mar (Day of the Sea) holiday that remembers the loss (2025)
Space
3 fieldsSpace agency/agencies
Bolivian Space Agency (la Agencia Boliviana Espacial, ABE; established 2010 as a national public company under Ministry of Public Works, Services and Housing) (2025)
Space program overview
- has a small space program focused on acquiring and operating satellites;
- operates a telecommunications satellite and ground stations;
- has cooperated with China and India and member states of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (2025)
Key space-program milestones
- 2013 - first communications satellite (Túpac Katari, TKSAT-1) built and launched by China
- 2016 - began independently operating the TKSAT-1 satellite
- 2021 - signed protocols for establishment of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency
Terrorism
1 fieldTerrorist group(s)
Tren de Aragua (TdA) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsTrafficking in persons
- tier rating:
- Tier 2 Watch List — Bolivia did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts to eliminate trafficking compared with the previous reporting period and was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List;
- for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/bolivia/
Illicit drugs
USG identification: major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country; major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Bolivia.” The World Factbook 2025. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/bolivia.