Bolivia

Republic of Bolivia conventional short form: Bolivia local long form: Republica de Bolivia local short form: Bolivia

republicIndependence 6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Bolivia as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 117 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLa Paz (seat of government)
Position17 00 S, 65 00 W
Area1,098,580 sq km land: 1,084,390 sq km water: 14,190 sq km
LocationCentral South America, southwest of Brazil
2001

Every edition of Bolivia

Populationas each edition published it
8.3 million July 2001 est. · 6.71m in 1990
Population growth% a year
1.76% 2001 est. · 2.31% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 20.8 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
64.06 years 2001 est. · 62.77 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
3.51 children per woman 2001 est. · 4.7 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
58.98 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 125 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$2,600 2000 est. · $670 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
2.5% 2000 est. · 3.8% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups. Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in the 1980s, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and drug production. Current goals include attracting foreign investment, strengthening the educational system, continuing the privatization program, and waging an anti-corruption campaign.

Geography

Central South America, southwest of Brazil

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Coastline
0km
(landlocked)Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Irrigated land
1,750sq km
(1993 est.)

Location

Central South America, southwest of Brazil

Geographic coordinates

17 00 S, 65 00 W

Map references

South America

Area

total: 1,098,580 sq km land: 1,084,390 sq km water: 14,190 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 6,743 km border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

Climate

varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Terrain

rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Natural resources

tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

Land use

arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 24% forests and woodland: 53% other: 21% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding in the northeast (March-April)

Environment - current issues

  • the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation;
  • soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture);
  • desertification;
  • loss of biodiversity;
  • industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Geography - note

landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

People

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Population
8,300,463
(July 2001 est.)growth rate: 1.76% (2001 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth
27.27Death
8.2Net migration
-1.45

Ethnic groups

Quechua 30%Aymara 25%mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%white 15%

Age structure

0-14 years: 38.46% (male 1,626,698; female 1,565,748) 15-64 years: 57.07% (male 2,315,098; female 2,421,987) 65 years and over: 4.47% (male 166,986; female 203,946) (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

58.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 64.06 years male: 61.53 years female: 66.72 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.51 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

380 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Bolivian(s) adjective: Bolivian

Religions

Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

Languages

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.1% male: 90.5% female: 76% (1995 est.)

Government

Republic; President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August 1997)

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Legislature, 130 seatsone dot, one seat

ADN 32MNR 26MIR 23UCS 21CONDEPA 19MBL 5IU 4

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia conventional short form: Bolivia local long form: Republica de Bolivia local short form: Bolivia

Capital

La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)

Administrative divisions

9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

Independence

6 August 1825 (from Spain)

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Constitution

2 February 1967; revised in August 1994

Suffrage

18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years of age, universal and compulsory (single)

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August 1997);
  • Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August 1997);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August 1997);
  • Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August 1997);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms;
  • election last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held May or June 2002) election results: Hugo BANZER Suarez elected president;
  • percent of vote - Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%;
  • Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 17%, Juan Carlos DURAN (MNR) 18%, Ivo KULJIS (UCS) 16%, Remedios LOZA (CONDEPA) 17%;
  • no candidate received a majority of the popular vote;
  • Hugo BANZER Suarez won a congressional runoff election on 5 August 1997 after forming a "megacoalition" with MIR, UCS, CONDEPA, NFR, and PDC

Legislative branch

  • bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - some members are drawn from party lists, thus not directly elected) elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA June 2002) election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%;
  • seats by party - ADN 11, MIR 7, MNR 4, CONDEPA 3, UCS 2;
  • Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%;
  • seats by party - ADN 32, MNR 26, MIR 23, UCS 21, CONDEPA 19, MBL 5, IU 4

Judicial branch

  • Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year terms by National Congress);
  • District Courts (one in each department);
  • provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)

Political parties and leaders

  • Christian Democratic Party or PDC [leader NA];
  • Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ];
  • Conscience of the Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado];
  • Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Antonio ARANIBAR];
  • Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora];
  • Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN [Hugo BANZER Suarez];
  • Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA];
  • New Republican Force or NFR [leader NA];
  • Pachacuti Indigenous Movement [Filipe QUISPE];
  • United Left or IU [Marcos DOMIC] note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition

Political pressure groups and leaders

  • Cocalero Groups;
  • indigenous organizations;
  • labor unions

International organization participation

CAN, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Marlene FERNANDEZ del Granado chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410

FAX

[1] (202) 328-3712 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador V. Manuel ROCHA embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032 telephone: [591] (2) 432254

FAX

[591] (2) 433854

Flag description

  • three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band;
  • similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band

Economy

Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least developed Latin American countries, has made considerable progress toward the development of a market-oriented economy.

32 fields
Real growth rate
2.5%
(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 4% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate
11.4%
(1997) note: widespread underemployment

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

12%
US
32%
Japan
24%
16%
UK
10%
Argentina
12%
Brazil
12%
11%
Peru
4%
7%
Colombia
Chile
7%
other
6%
Germany
3%
Exports $1.26 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)Imports $1.86 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)(1998)

Electricity

Electricity production
3.625 billion (1999)Electricity consumption
3.377 billion (1999)Electricity exports
4 million (1999)Electricity imports
10 million (1999)

Economy - overview

Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least developed Latin American countries, has made considerable progress toward the development of a market-oriented economy. Successes under President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (1993-97) included the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico and joining the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur), as well as the privatization of the state airline, telephone company, railroad, electric power company, and oil company.

His successor, Hugo BANZER Suarez has tried to further improve the country's investment climate with an anticorruption campaign. Growth slowed in 1999, in part due to tight government budget policies, which limited needed appropriations for anti-poverty programs, and the fallout from the Asian financial crisis. In 2000, major civil disturbances in April, and again in September and October, held down overall growth to 2.5%.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $20.9 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 16% industry: 31% services: 53% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 31.7% (1990)

Labor force

2.5 million

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Budget

revenues: $2.7 billion expenditures: $2.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998)

Industries

mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 56.61% hydro: 41.6% nuclear: 0% other: 1.79% (1999)

Agriculture - products

soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber

Exports

$1.26 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities

soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood

Imports

$1.86 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities

capital goods, raw materials and semi-manufactures, chemicals, petroleum, food

Debt - external

$6.6 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient

$588 million (1997)

Currency

boliviano (BOB)

Exchange rates

bolivianos per US dollar - 6.4071 (January 2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields
Mobile cellular
116,000
(1997)
Fixed lines
327,600
(1996) · country code .bo

Telephone system

general assessment:
  • new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties;
  • most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities;
  • mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay;
  • some areas are served by fiber-optic cable;
  • mobile cellular systems are being expanded international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)

Radios

5.25 million (1997)

Televisions

900,000 (1997)

Internet users

35,000 (2000)

Transportation

9 fields

Networkskm

Railways
3,691 (1995)Waterways
10,000
Railways: (single track) narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 km electrified) · Waterways: (commercially navigable)

Railways

total: 3,691 km (single track) narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 km electrified) (1995)

Highways

total: 49,400 km paved: 2,500 km (including 30 km of expressways) unpaved: 46,900 km (1996)

Waterways

10,000 km (commercially navigable)

Pipelines

  • crude oil 1,800 km;
  • petroleum products 580 km;
  • natural gas 1,495 km

Ports and harbors

none; however, Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Merchant marine

total: 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 141,017 GRT/211,058 DWT ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 20, chemical tanker 3, container 1, petroleum tanker 10, roll on/roll off 3 (2000 est.)

Airports

1,093 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total: 13 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 1,080 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 65 914 to 1,523 m: 212 under 914 m: 800 (2000 est.)

Military

Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

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Military branches

Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 2,005,660 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 1,306,452 (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights

Illicit drugs

  • world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru, a distant second) with an estimated 14,600 hectares under cultivation in 2000, a 33% decrease in overall cultivation of coca from 1999 levels;
  • intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US and other international drug markets;
  • eradication and alternative crop programs have slashed illicit coca cultivation during the BANZER administration beginning in 1997

Central Intelligence Agency. “Bolivia.” The World Factbook 2001. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/bolivia/2001.

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