Chad

total:

0.23 cu km/yr (17%/0%/83%)

per capita:

24 cu m/yr (2000)

• hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north;
• periodic droughts;
• locust plagues

• inadequate supplies of potable water;
• improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;
• desertification

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

at birth:

1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.73 male(s)/female

total population:

0.92 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease:

malaria

water contact disease:

schistosomiasis

respiratory disease:

meningococcal meningitis (2008)

noun:

Chadian(s)

adjective:

Chadian

conventional long form:

Republic of Chad

conventional short form:

Chad

local long form:

Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad

local short form:

Tchad/Tshad

name:

N'Djamena

geographic coordinates:

12 06 N, 15 02 E

time difference:

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

chief of state:

President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4 December 1990)

head of government:

Prime Minister Youssof Saleh ABBAS (since 16 April 2008)

cabinet:

Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term;
• if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting;
• last held 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May 2011);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%, Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendum altered the constitution removing presidential term limits and permitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection

• unicameral National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms);
• note - the 1996 constitution called for a Senate that has never been formed

elections:

• National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held by 2009);
• note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties

election results:

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, UNDR 5, URD 3, other 11

• Supreme Court;
• Court of Appeal;
• Criminal Courts;
• Magistrate Courts

Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mahamat Adam BECHIR

chancery:

2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:

[1] (202) 462-4009

FAX:

[1] (202) 265-1937

chief of mission:

Ambassador Louis NIGRO

embassy:

Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

mailing address:

B. P. 413, N'Djamena

telephone:

[235] 251-62-11, [235] 251-70-09, [235] 251-77-59

FAX:

[235] 251-56-54

agriculture:

80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)

industry and services:

20% (2006 est.)

lowest 10%:

NA%

highest 10%:

NA%

general assessment:

• primitive system with high costs and low telephone density;
• fixed-line connections for only about 1 per 1000 persons coupled with mobile-cellular usage of only about 9 per 100 persons

domestic:

fair system of radiotelephone communication stations

international:

country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2007)

total:

33,400 km

paved:

267 km

unpaved:

33,133 km (2002)

• 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation;
• 18 years of age for volunteers;
• no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a guardian;
• women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2004)

males age 16-49:

1,906,545

females age 16-49:

2,258,758 (2008 est.)

males age 16-49:

1,066,565

females age 16-49:

1,279,318 (2008 est.)

male:

116,824

female:

117,831 (2008 est.)

• since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad;
• Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry;
• Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya;
• only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

refugees (country of origin):

234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central African Republic)

IDPs:

178,918 (2007)

current situation:

• Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation;
• the majority of children are trafficked within Chad for involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, forced labor in petty commerce or the fishing industry, or for commercial sexual exploitation;
• to a lesser extent, Chadian children are also trafficked to Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Nigeria for cattle herding;
• children may also be trafficked from Cameroon and the Central African Republic to Chad's oil producing regions for sexual exploitation

tier rating:

• Tier 2 Watch List - Chad is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking in 2007;
• Chad was destabilized during 2007 by civil conflict leading to a declared state of emergency in February 2008, and a steady influx of refugees fleeing Sudan and the Central African Republic;
• the government demonstrated insufficient overall efforts to combat trafficking;
• Chad has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)