Chad

total:

0.23 cu km/yr (17%/0%/83%)

per capita:

24 cu m/yr (2000)

• hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north;
• periodic droughts;
• locust plagues

• inadequate supplies of potable water;
• improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;
• desertification

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

noun:

Chadian(s)

adjective:

Chadian

at birth:

1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.85 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.73 male(s)/female

total population:

0.92 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

degree of risk:

very high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease:

malaria

water contact disease:

schistosomiasis

respiratory disease:

meningococcal meningitis

animal contact disease:

rabies (2009)

conventional long form:

Republic of Chad

conventional short form:

Chad

local long form:

Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad

local short form:

Tchad/Tshad

name:

N'Djamena

geographic coordinates:

12 06 N, 15 02 E

time difference:

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

chief of state:

President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4 December 1990)

head of government:

Prime Minister Emmanuel NADINGAR (since 5 March 2010)

cabinet:

Council of State; members are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting;
• last election held on 25 April 2011 (next to be held by 2016);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 83.6%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 8.6%, Nadji Madou 7.8%

• Supreme Court;
• Constitutional Council;
• High Court of Justice;
• Court of Appeal;
• Criminal Courts;
• Magistrate Courts

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mahamoud Adam BECHIR

chancery:

2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 462-4009

FAX:

[1] (202) 265-1937

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mark M. BOULWARE

embassy:

Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

mailing address:

B. P. 413, N'Djamena

telephone:

[235] 251-62-11, 251-70-09, 251-77-59

FAX:

[235] 251-56-54

• three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
• the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors;
• blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered;
• yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country;
• red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice

note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

name:

"La Tchadienne" (The Chadian)

lyrics/music:

Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD

note: adopted 1960

agriculture:

80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)

industry and services:

20% (2006 est.)

lowest 10%:

2.6%

highest 10%:

30.8% (2003)

general assessment:

inadequate system of radiotelephone communication stations with high costs and low telephone density

domestic:

fixed-line connections for only about 1 per 1000 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of only about 25 per 100 persons

international:

country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2009)

• 1 state-owned TV broadcast station;
• state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations;
• about 10 private radio stations;
• some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2007)

• 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation;
• 18 years of age for volunteers;
• no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian;
• women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2004)

males age 16-49:

2,090,244

females age 16-49:

2,441,321 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

1,183,242

females age 16-49:

1,395,811 (2010 est.)

male:

128,723

female:

128,244 (2010 est.)

• since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad;
• Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry;
• Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya;
• only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

refugees (country of origin):

234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central African Republic)

IDPs:

178,918 (2007)

current situation:

• Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation;
• the majority of children are trafficked within Chad for involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, involuntary agricultural labor, or for commercial sexual exploitation;
• to a lesser extent, Chadian children are also trafficked to Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Nigeria for cattle herding

tier rating:

• Tier 2 Watch List - the Government of Chad does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking;
• however, it is making significant efforts to do so;
• the Government of Chad reportedly ended all child conscription into its national army and continued to engage in efforts to demobilize remaining child soldiers from rebel forces;
• fewer efforts were made to address the forced labor of children in cattle herding, domestic service, and begging, or to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of Chadian children;
• the government did not enact legislation prohibiting trafficking in persons and undertook limited anti-trafficking law enforcement and victim protection activities (2011)