Czechia

Czech RepublicCeska Republika

parliamentary democracyIndependence 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)

Czechia as the 1998 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 101 fields, one of 33 editions from 1993 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalPrague

Position49 45 N, 15 30 E

Area78,703 sq km

LocationCentral Europe, southeast of Germany

Populationas each edition published it

10.29 million July 1998 est. · 10.39m in 1993

Population growth% a year

-0.11% 1998 est. · 0.16% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 38.4 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

74.11 years 1998 est. · 72.64 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

1.17 children per woman 1998 est. · 1.85 in 1993

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

6.79 deaths per 1,000 live births 1998 est. · 9.7 in 1993

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$10,800 1997 est. · $7,300 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

0.7% 1997 est. · -5% in 1993

Geography

Central Europe, southeast of Germany

18 fields

Land useshare of 78,703 sq km

arable land 41%permanent crops 2%permanent pastures 11%forests and woodland 34%other 12% (1993 est.)irrigated 240 sq km (1993 est.)

Area

78,703sq km

land: 78,645 sq kmwater: 58 sq kmslightly smaller than South Carolina

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Highest point

1,602m

Snezkalowest point: Elbe River 115 m

Land boundaries

1,881km

border countries: Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 215 km

Climate

temperate;
cool summers;
cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain

Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country

Natural resources

hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite

Environment-current issues

air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Environment-international agreements

party to:: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Geography-note

landlocked;
strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe;
Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

People

15 fields

Population

10,286,470

(July 1998 est.)growth rate: -0.11% (1998 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1998 est.)

Birth

8.96Death

10.92Net migration

0.92

Ethnic groups

Czech 94.4%Slovak 3%Polish 0.6%German 0.5%Gypsy 0.3%Hungarian 0.2%other 1%

Religions

atheist 39.8%Roman Catholic 39.2%Protestant 4.6%Orthodox 3%other 13.4%

Literacy

99%

(est.)definition: age NA and over can read and writemale: NA%female: NA%

Age structure

0-14 years:: 17% (male 907,744; female 864,202)
15-64 years:: 69% (male 3,555,822; female 3,548,548)
65 years and over:: 14% (male 541,031; female 869,123) (July 1998 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.62 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Infant mortality rate

6.79 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population:: 74.11 years
male:: 70.75 years
female:: 77.65 years (1998 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Czech(s)
adjective:: Czech

note: 300,000 Slovaks declared themselves Czech citizens in 1994

Government

Parliamentary democracy; President Vaclav HAVEL (since 2 February 1993); Prime Minister Josef TOSOVSKY (since 16 December 1997)

21 fields

Country name

conventional long form:: Czech Republic
conventional short form:: Czech Republic
local long form:: Ceska Republika
local short form:: Ceska Republika

Administrative divisions

8 regions (kraje, kraj-singular); Jihocesky, Jihomoravsky, Praha, Severocesky, Severomoravsky, Stredocesky, Vychodocesky, Zapadocesky

National holiday

National Liberation Day, 8 May; Founding of the Republic, 28 October

Constitution

ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993

Legal system

civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;
legal code modified to bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 2 February 1993)
head of government:: Prime Minister Josef TOSOVSKY (since 16 December 1997);
Deputy Prime Ministers Josef LUX (since NA June 1992), Jaroslav SEDIVY (since NA January 1998), Jiri SKALICKY (since NA June 1997)
cabinet:: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections:: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
election last held 20 January 1998 (next to be held NA January 2003);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results:: Vaclav HAVEL elected president;
percent of parliamentary vote-NA;
Vaclav HAVEL received 47 of 81 votes in the Senate and 99 out of 200 votes in the Chamber of Deputies (second round of voting)

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve staggered two-, four-, and six-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Snemovna Poslancu (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:: Senate-last held 15-16 and 22-23 November 1996 (next to be held NA November 1998-to replace/re-elect 20 senators serving two-year terms);
Chamber of Deputies-last held 31 May-1 June 1996 (early elections to be held NA June 1998)
election results:: Senate-percent of vote by party-NA;
seats by party-governing coalition (ODS 32, KDU-CSL 13, ODA 7), opposition (CSSD 25, KCSM 2, DEU 1, independent 1);
Chamber of Deputies-percent of vote by party-NA;
seats by party - governing coalition (ODS 68, KDU-CSL 18, ODA 13), opposition (CSSD 61, KCSM 22, SPR-RSC 18)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court, chairman and deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for life;
Constitutional Court, chairman and deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for life

Political parties and leaders

Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Vaclav KLAUS, chairman];
Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Jiri SKALICKY, chairman];
Christian Democratic Union-Czech People's Party or KDU-CSL [Josef LUX, chairman];
Czech Social Democrats or CSSD-left opposition [Milos ZEMAN, chairman];
Communist Party or KSCM - left opposition [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman];
Assembly for the Republic or SPR-RSC-extreme right radical [Miroslav SLADEK, chairman];
Democratic Union or DEU [Ratibor MAJZLIK, chairman]

note: the governing coalition resigned in November 1997; a caretaker government, led by Prime Minister Josef TOSOVSKY, was appointed by President HAVEL in December 1997;

new general elections will most likely be held in June 1998; there are three new parties that have not been voted into office, but were created in the wake of Prime Minister

KLAUS' resignation:: Freedom Union or US [Jan RUML, chairman], Conservative Consensus Party [Ivan MASEK and Cestmir HOFHANZL], and Party of the Democratic Center [Josef WAGNER, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Czech-Moravian Chamber of Trade Unions; Civic Movement

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Aleksandr VONDRA
chancery:: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:: [1] (202) 274-9101, 9102

FAX

[1] (202) 966-8540; consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Jenonne R. WALKER
embassy:: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1
mailing address:: Unit 28129, APO AE 09114; State pouch: American Embassy Prague, Washington, DC 20521-5630
telephone:: [420] (2) 5732-0663, 5731-3814

FAX

[420] (2) 5732-0584

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (almost identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia)

Economy

Political and financial crises in 1997 shattered the | Czech Republic's image as one of the most stable and prosperous of | post-Communist states.

28 fields

GDP, purchasing power parity

-$111.9billion

purchasing power parity · (1997 est.)

GDP per capita, PPP

-$10,800

purchasing power parity · (1997 est.)

Real growth rate

0.7%

(1997 est.)industrial production growth: 6.9% (1996)

Inflation, consumer prices

10%

(1997)

GDP-composition by sector(1996)

agriculture 5%industry 40.6%services 54.4% (1996)

Budget

Revenues

$14.2 billionExpenditures

$14.6 billion (1997)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Fixed lines

3,349,539

(1993 est.)

Economy-overview

Political and financial crises in 1997 shattered the Czech Republic's image as one of the most stable and prosperous of post-Communist states. Delays in enterprise restructuring and failure to develop a well-functioning capital market played major roles in Czech economic troubles, which culminated in a currency crisis in May.

The currency was forced out of its fluctuation band as investors worried that the current account deficit, which reached about 8% of GDP in 1996, would become unsustainable. After expending $3 billion in vain to support the currency, the central bank let it float. The growing current account imbalance reflected a surge in domestic demand and poor export performance, as wage increases outpaced productivity.

The government was forced to introduce two austerity packages later in the spring which cut government spending by 2.5% of GDP. A tough 1998 budget continues the painful medicine. These problems were compounded in the summer of 1997 by unprecedented flooding which inundated much of the eastern part of the country.

Czech difficulties in 1997 contrast with earlier achievements of strong GDP growth, a balanced budget, and inflation and unemployment that were among the lowest in the region. The Czech economy's transition problems continue to be too much direct and indirect government influence on the privatized economy, the sometimes ineffective management of privatized firms, and a shortage of experienced financial analysts for the banking system. Prague forecasts a balanced budget, 2.2% GDP growth, 5.2% unemployment, and 10% inflation for 1998.

Labor force

total:: 5.124 million (1997)
by occupation:: industry 33.1%, agriculture 6.9%, construction 9.1%, transport and communications 7.2%, services 43.7% (1994)

Unemployment rate

5% (1997 est.)

Industries

fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles, glass, armaments

Electricity-capacity

13.85 million kW (1994)

Electricity-production

53.285 billion kWh (1995)

Electricity-consumption per capita

5,069 kWh (1995)

Agriculture-products

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit;
pigs, cattle, poultry;
forest products

Exports

total value:: $21.7 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:: machinery and equipment 32.7%, manufactured goods 28.8%, raw materials and fuel 9.2%, food 4.1% (1996)
partners:: EU 60.9%, CEFTA 21.4%, Slovakia 13.9%, EFTA 1.7% (1996)

Imports

total value:: $27.7 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:: machinery and equipment 38.2%, manufactured goods 19.3%, raw materials and fuels 12.4%, and food 5.6% (1996)
partners:: EU 61.1%, CEFTA 16.3%, Slovakia 11.8%, EFTA 2.2% (1996)

Debt-external

$20.7 billion (1996)

Economic aid

$NA

Currency

1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

Exchange rates

koruny (Kcs) per US$1-35.357 (January 1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996), 26.541 (1995), 28.785 (1994), 29.153 (1993) note: values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rates

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

Telephone system

domestic:: NA
international:: satellite earth stations-2 Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)

Radio broadcast stations

AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Radios

Television broadcast stations

Televisions

Transportation

10 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved only

under 914 m

over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 1

Airports by runway lengthunpaved only

under 914 m

total: 33 914 to 1,523 m: 17

Networkskm

Highways

55,489Railways

9,440

Highways: paved: 55,489 km (including 423 km of expressways) · unpaved: 0 km (1996 est.) · Railways: standard gauge: 9,344 km 1.435-m standard gauge (2,688 km electrified at three voltages; 1,885 km double track) · narrow gauge: 96 km 0.760-m narrow gauge (1996)

Railways

total:: 9,440 km
standard gauge:: 9,344 km 1.435-m standard gauge (2,688 km electrified at three voltages; 1,885 km double track)
narrow gauge:: 96 km 0.760-m narrow gauge (1996)

Highways

total:: 55,489 km
paved:: 55,489 km (including 423 km of expressways)
unpaved:: 0 km (1996 est.)

total:: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 110,233 GRT/192,998 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 3 under Maltese flag, cargo 2 under the Cypriot flag (1997 est.)

Airports

66 (1997 est.)

Heliports

1 (1997 est.)

Military

Army, Air Force, Civil Defense

7 fields

Military expenditures-percent of GDP

2.2%

(1996)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes-international

Liechtenstein claims restitution for 1,600 sq km of territory in the Czech Republic confiscated from its royal family in 1918;
the Czech Republic insists that restitution does not go back before February 1948, when the communists seized power;
individual Sudeten German claims for restitution of property confiscated in connection with their expulsion after World War II;
unresolved property issues with Slovakia over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal property

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
domestic consumption-especially of locally produced synthetic drugs-on the rise DENMARK

Central Intelligence Agency. “Czech Republic.” The World Factbook 1998. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/czechia/1998.

How to cite ← 1997 edition 1999 edition →