Czechia
Czech RepublicCeska republika
parliamentary democracy
Czechia as the 2012 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 160 fields, one of 33 editions from 1993 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the Czech part of the country and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany.
After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize Communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy.
On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.
Geography
Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria
20 fieldsLand useshare of 78,867 sq km
Terrain
Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
- total:
- 1.91 cu km/yr (41%/57%/2%)
- per capita:
- 187 cu m/yr (2002)
Environment - current issues
- air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks;
- acid rain damaging forests;
- efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
- signed, but not ratified:
- none of the selected agreements
Geography - note
- landlocked;
- strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe;
- Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe
People and Society
31 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2012 est.)
Per 1,000 population
Male · female
Ethnic groups(2001 census)
Religions(2001 census)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.06 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.06 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1.01 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.67 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Government
Parliamentary democracy; President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March 2003); Prime Minister Petr NECAS (since 28 June 2010)
21 fieldsSenate, 200 seats, elected in two rounds on 12-13 and 19-20 October 2012one dot, one seat
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Czech Republic
- conventional short form:
- Czech Republic
- local long form:
- Ceska republika
- local short form:
- Cesko
Capital
- name:
- Prague
- geographic coordinates:
- 50 05 N, 14 28 E
- time difference:
- UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions
- 13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni mesto);
- Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky, Kralovehradecky, Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky, Vysocina, Zlinsky (Zlin)
Independence
- 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia);
- note - although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day
Legal system
in 2014, a new civil code will replace the existing civil law system, which is based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory and has been amended 40 times since the Communist regime fell in 1989
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March 2003); note - President-elect Milos ZEMAN is to be sworn in 8 March 2013
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Petr NECAS (since 28 June 2010);
- First Deputy Prime Minister Karel SCHWARZENBERG (since 13 July 2010), Deputy Prime Minister Karolina PEAKE (since 1 July 2011)
- cabinet:
- Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)
- elections:
- constitutional amendment passed in 2012 introduced presidential election by popular vote instead of by Parliament;
- president elected for a five-year term (may not serve more than two consecutive terms);
- elections last held on 11-12 January 2013 with a runoff on 25-26 January 2013 (next to be held in January 2018);
- prime minister appointed by the president
- election results:
- Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of popular vote - Milos ZEMAN 54.8%, Karel SCHWARZENBERG 45.2%
Legislative branch
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
- elections:
- Senate - last held in two rounds on 12-13 and 19-20 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2014);
- Chamber of Deputies - last held on 28-29 May 2010 (next to be held in 2014)
- election results:
- Senate - percent of vote by party - NA;
- seats by party - CSSD 48, ODS 15, KDU-CSL 4, TOP 09 4, North Bohemians 2, KSCM 2, Green 1, Ostravak 1, Pirate 1, independent 3;
- Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 22.1%, ODS 20.2%, TOP 09 16.7%, KSCM 11.3%, VV 10.9%, other 18.8%;
- seats by party - CSSD 54, ODS 49, TOP 09 41, KSCM 26, VV 11, unaffiliated 19
Judicial branch
- Supreme Court;
- judges are appointed by the president for an unlimited term;
- Constitutional Court;
- 15 judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate for a 10-year term;
- Supreme Administrative Court;
- chairman and deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for a 10-year term;
- judges are appointed by the president for an unlimited term
Political parties and leaders
- Association of Independent Candidates-European Democrats or SNK-ED [Zdenka MARKOVA];
- Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Pavel BELOBRADEK];
- Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Petr NECAS];
- Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP];
- Czech Pirate Party [Ivan BARTOS];
- Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Bohuslav SOBOTKA];
- Green Party [Ondrej LISKA];
- Liberal Democrats or LIDEM [Karolina PEAKE];
- North Bohemians;
- Ostravak Movement;
- Public Affairs or VV [Radek JOHN];
- Tradice Odpovednost Prosperita 09 or TOP 09 [Karel SCHWARZENBERG]
Political pressure groups and leaders
Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Jaroslav ZAVADIL]
International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Petr GANDALOVIC
- chancery:
- 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 274-9100
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 966-8540
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Norman EISEN
- embassy:
- Trziste 15, 118 01 Prague 1
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [420] 257 022 000
- FAX:
- [420] 257 022 809
Flag description
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side note: is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia
National anthem
- name:
- "Kde domov muj?" (Where is My Home?)
- lyrics/music:
- Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP
note: adopted 1993; the anthem is a verse from the former Czechoslovak anthem originally written as part of the opera "Fidlovacka"
Economy
The Czech Republic is a stable and prosperous market economy closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in 2004.
39 fieldsGDP - composition by sector(2012 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
Economy - overview
The Czech Republic is a stable and prosperous market economy closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in 2004. While the conservative, inward-looking Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy, the small, open, export-driven Czech economy remains sensitive to changes in the economic performance of its main export markets, especially Germany.
When Western Europe and Germany fell into recession in late 2008, demand for Czech goods plunged, leading to double digit drops in industrial production and exports. As a result, real GDP fell 4.7% in 2009, with most of the decline occurring during the first quarter. Real GDP, however, slowly recovered with positive quarter-on-quarter growth starting in the second half of 2009 and continuing throughout 2011.
In 2012, however, the economy fell into a recession due to a slump in external demand. The auto industry remains the largest single industry, and, together with its upstream suppliers, accounts for nearly 24% of Czech manufacturing. The Czech Republic produced more than a million cars for the first time in 2010, over 80% of which were exported.
Foreign and domestic businesses alike voice concerns about corruption especially in public procurement. Other long term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy.
Distribution of family income - Gini index
31 (2009) · 25.4 (1996) country comparison to the world: 110
Central bank discount rate
0.75% (31 December 2011 est.) · 0.75% (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 134 note: this is the two-week repo, the main rate CNB uses
Commercial bank prime lending rate
5.9% (31 December 2012 est.) · 5.72% (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Stock of narrow money
$114 billion (31 December 2012 est.) · $107.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 33
Stock of broad money
$151.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) · $141.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 47
Stock of domestic credit
$139.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) · $129.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 48
Current account balance
-$3.596 billion (2012 est.) · -$6.348 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 154
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$35.26 billion (31 December 2012 est.) · $40.29 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 45
Debt - external
$90.18 billion (2012 est.) · $93.91 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 49
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home
$129.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) · $125.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 30
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad
$16.47 billion (31 December 2012 est.) · $15.47 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 49
Exchange rates
koruny (CZK) per US dollar - 19.59 (2012 est.) · 17.696 (2011 est.) · 19.098 (2010 est.) · 19.063 (2009) · 17.064 (2008)
Energy
23 fieldsInstalled generating capacity, 18.32 million kW(2009 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels
60% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 139
Electricity - from nuclear fuels
20.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 10
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants
5.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 124
Electricity - from other renewable sources
7.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 27
Natural gas - proved reserves
3.964 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 94
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
90.83 million Mt (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41
Communications
7 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- privatization and modernization of the Czech telecommunication system got a late start but is advancing steadily;
- virtually all exchanges now digital;
- existing copper subscriber systems enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals;
- trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
- domestic:
- access to the fixed-line telephone network expanded throughout the 1990s but the number of fixed line connections has been dropping since then;
- mobile telephone usage increased sharply beginning in the mid-1990s and the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population
- international:
- country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar)
Broadcast media
- roughly 130 TV broadcasters operating some 350 channels with 4 publicly operated and the remainder in private hands;
- 16 TV stations have national coverage with 4 being publicly operated;
- cable and satellite TV subscription services are available;
- 63 radio broadcasters are registered operating roughly 80 radio stations with 15 stations publicly operated;
- 10 radio stations provide national coverage with the remainder local or regional (2008)
Transportation
10 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved only
Airports by runway lengthunpaved only
Networkskm
Railways
- total:
- 9,469 km
country comparison to the world: 22
- standard gauge:
- 9,449 km 1.435-m gauge (3,165 km electrified)
- narrow gauge:
- 20 km 0.750-m gauge (2008)
Roadways
- total:
- 127,797 km (includes urban roads)
country comparison to the world: 36
- paved:
- 127,797 km (includes 730 km of expressways) (2008)
Waterways
664 km (principally on Elbe, Vltava, Oder, and other navigable rivers, lakes, and canals) (2010) country comparison to the world: 77
Merchant marine
registered in other countries: 1 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2010) country comparison to the world: 150
Military
6 fieldsMilitary branches
Army of the Czech Republic (Armada Ceske Republiky): Joint Forces Command (Spolocene Sily; includes Land Forces (Pozemni Sily) and Air Forces (Vzdusne Sily)) note: the Ministry of Defense plans to abolish the Joint Forces Command in 2012 and reestablish separate Land and Air Forces Commands (2011)
Military service age and obligation
18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (2010)
Manpower available for military service
- males age 16-49:
- 2,506,826
- females age 16-49:
- 2,407,634 (2010 est.)
Transnational Issues
2 fieldsDisputes - international
while threats of international legal action never materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the popular Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless Prague closes its controversial Soviet-style nuclear plant in Temelin, bordering Austria
Illicit drugs
- transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
- producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
- susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking, organized crime;
- significant consumer of ecstasy (2008)
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Czech Republic.” The World Factbook 2012. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/czechia/2012.