Estonia

After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940, it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with Western Europe.

• air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast;
• however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 4.6 times smaller than in 1980;
• the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies fell 20 times in 2000 compared to 1980;
• in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased;
• Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored;
• coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations

party to:

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

0-14 years:

16.4% (male 118,603; female 114,102)

15-64 years:

68.5% (male 466,882; female 502,343)

65 years and over:

15.1% (male 70,085; female 143,666) (2002 est.)

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.49 male(s)/female

total population:

0.86 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

noun:

Estonian(s)

adjective:

Estonian

conventional long form:

Republic of Estonia

conventional short form:

Estonia

local short form:

Eesti

former:

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

local long form:

Eesti Vabariik

chief of state:

President Arnold RUUTEL (since 8 October 2001)

head of government:

Prime Minister Siim KALLAS (since 28 January 2002)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament

election results:

• Arnold RUUTEL elected president on 21 September 2001 by a 367-member electoral assembly that convened following Parliament's failure in August to elect then-President MERI's successor;
• on the second ballot of voting, RUUTEL received 188 votes to Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's 155;
• the remaining 24 ballots were either left blank or invalid

elections:

• president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
• if he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes;
• election last held 21 September 2001 (next to be held in the fall of 2006);
• prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament

• Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman];
• Estonian People's Union (Rahsaliit) [Villu REILJAN];
• Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Siim KALLAS];
• Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP;
• Moderates (Moodukad) [Ivari PADAR];
• Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit League) [Tunne KELAM, chairman];
• Res Publica [Juhan Parts];
• Russian Baltic Party [Sergei IVANOV]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Sven JURGENSON

chancery:

1730 M Street NW, Suite 503, Washington, DC 20036

consulate(s) general:

New York

FAX:

[1] (202) 588-0108

telephone:

[1] (202) 588-0101

chief of mission:

Ambassador Joseph M. DeTHOMAS

embassy:

Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn

mailing address:

use embassy street address

telephone:

[372] 668-8100

FAX:

[372] 668-8134

lowest 10%:

3%

highest 10%:

30% (1998)

• engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textile;
• services;
• transit, information technology, telecommunications

• potatoes, vegetables;
• livestock and dairy products;
• fish

• krooni per US dollar - 17.518 (January 2002), 17.538 (2001), 16.969 (2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997);
• note - the kroon is tied to the euro at a fixed rate of 15.65 krooni per euro

general assessment:

• foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service;
• substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode;
• internet services are available throughout most of the country - only about 11,000 subscriber requests were unfilled by September 2000

domestic:

a wide range of high quality voice, data, and internet services is available throughout the country

international:

fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; two international switches are located in Tallinn (2001)

total:

968 km common carrier lines only; does not include dedicated industrial lines

broad gauge:

968 km 1.520-m gauge (132 km electrified) (2001)

total:

30,300 km

paved:

• 29,200 km (including 75 km of expressways);
• note - these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, and include, in addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are surfaced with gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them trafficable in all weather

unpaved:

1,100 km (2000)

total:

37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 245,958 GRT/193,042 DWT

note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: Liberia 1 (2002 est.)

ships by type:

bulk 2, cargo 13, container 5, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 6

• transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America to Western Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from Western Europe to Scandinavia;
• increasing domestic drug abuse problem;
• possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking