Estonia

total:

1.8 cu km/yr (3%/97%/0%)

per capita:

1,337 cu m/yr (2009)

• air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast;
• however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980;
• the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980;
• in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased;
• Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored;
• coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations

noun:

Estonian(s)

adjective:

Estonian

at birth:

1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

0.92 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.49 male(s)/female

total population:

0.84 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

degree of risk:

intermediate

vectorborne disease:

tickborne encephalitis (2013)

conventional long form:

Republic of Estonia

conventional short form:

Estonia

local long form:

Eesti Vabariik

local short form:

Eesti

former:

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

name:

Tallinn

geographic coordinates:

59 26 N, 24 43 E

time difference:

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

• 15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond);
• Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru)

note: counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses

• Independence Day, 24 February (1918);
• note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood;
• 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union

• several previous;
• latest adopted 28 June 1992;
• amended several times, last in 2012 (2012)

chief of state:

President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006)

head of government:

Taavi ROIVAS (since 26 March 2014)

cabinet:

Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)

elections:

• president elected by Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
• if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the highest number of votes;
• election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016);
• prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament

election results:

Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; parliamentary vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES 73, Indrek TARAND 25

highest court(s):

Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and organized into the Civil Chamber with a chamber chairman and 6 justices, the Criminal Chamber with a chamber chairman and 5 justices, the Administrative Law Chamber with a chamber chairman and 4 justices, and the Constitutional Review Chamber with 9 members - the chief justice and 2 justices from the Civil Chamber, 3 from the Criminal Chamber and 3 from the Administrative chamber)

judge selection and term of office:

• the chief justice is proposed by the president and appointed by the Riigikogu;
• other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu;
• justices appointed for life

subordinate courts:

circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts

• Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR]
• Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE]
• Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Mart HELME]
• Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Taavi ROIVAS]
• Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER]
• Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Marina KALJURAND (since 6 September 2011)

chancery:

2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 588-0101

FAX:

[1] (202) 588-0108

consulate(s) general:

New York

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jeffrey D. LEVINE (since 24 July 2012)

embassy:

Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn

mailing address:

use embassy street address

telephone:

[372] 668-8100

FAX:

[372] 668-8134

• three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white;
• various interpretations are linked to the flag colors;
• blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country;
• black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people;
• white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun

• grain, potatoes, vegetables;
• livestock and dairy products;
• fish

agriculture:

4.2%

industry:

20.2%

services:

75.6% (2010)

lowest 10%:

2.7%

highest 10%:

27.7% (2004)

general assessment:

foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services available

domestic:

• substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode;
• Internet services are widely available;
• schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections

international:

• country code - 372;
• fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service;
• 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011)

• the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks;
• growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally;
• fully transitioned to digital television in 2010;
• national private TV channels expanding service;
• a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers;
• high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)

total:

1,196 km

country comparison to the world: 85

broad gauge:

1,196 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (133 km electrified) (2011)

total:

58,412 km (includes urban roads)

country comparison to the world: 73

paved:

10,427 km (includes 115 km of expressways)

unpaved:

47,985 km (2011)

• 18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education;
• NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2013)

males age 16-49:

291,801

females age 16-49:

302,696 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

210,854

females age 16-49:

251,185 (2010 est.)

male:

6,668

female:

6,309 (2010 est.)

• Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu;
• Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text;
• Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia;
• as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia

stateless persons:

• 94,235 (2012);
• note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants;
• thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship;
• one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia;
• stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections;
• stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15

• growing producer of synthetic drugs;
• increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord;
• potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds;
• major use of opiates and ecstasy