France

French Republic

republicIndependence 486 (unified by Clovis)

France as the 1997 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 102 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalParis
Position46 00 N, 2 00 E
Area547,030 sq km
LocationWestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English
1997

Every edition of France

Populationas each edition published it
58.61 million July 1997 est. · 56.36m in 1990
Population growth% a year
0.35% 1997 est. · 0.48% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 38.3 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
78.38 years 1997 est. · 78 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.66 children per woman 1997 est. · 1.8 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births 1997 est. · 6 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$20,900 1996 est. · $18,900 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
1.3% 1996 est. · 1.1% in 1993

Geography

Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English | Channel, between Belgium and Spain southeast of the UK; bordering the | Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

18 fields

Land useshare of 547,030 sq km

arable land 33%permanent crops 2%permanent pastures 20%forests and woodland 27%other 18% (1993 est.)irrigated 16,300 sq km (1995 est.)
Area
547,030sq km
land : 545,630 sq kmwater: 1,400 sq kmnote: includes only metropolitan France, but excludes the overseas administrative divisionsslightly less than twice the size of Colorado
Coastline
3,427km
contiguous zone : 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean)territorial sea: 12 nm
Highest point
4,807m
Mont Blanclowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m
Land boundaries
2,892.4km
border countries: Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km

Location

  • Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain southeast of the UK;
  • bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 2 00 E

Climate

generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean

Terrain

mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east

Natural resources

coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash

Environment - current issues

  • some forest damage from acid rain;
  • air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions;
  • water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff

Environment - international agreements

party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Desertification

Geography - note

largest West European nation; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

People

15 fields
Population
58,609,285
(July 1997 est.)growth rate: 0.35% (1997 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1997 est.)

Birth
11.98Death
9.08Net migration
0.63

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (1997 est.)78.38
74.44 · 82.53
TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1980 est.)99%
99% · 99%
MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Religions

Roman Catholic 90%Protestant 2%Jewish 1%Muslim (North African workers) 1%unaffiliated 6%

Age structure

0-14 years:
19% (male 5,712,739; female 5,449,139) 15-64 years : 65% (male 19,178,683; female 19,126,672)
65 years and over:
16% (male 3,687,216; female 5,454,836) (July 1997 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years : 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

Infant mortality rate

5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.66 children born/woman (1997 est.)

Nationality

noun:
Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective:
French

Ethnic groups

Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities

Languages

French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

Government

Republic; President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995); Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)

22 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

52.64%
Jacques CHIRAC 52.64%Lionel JOSPIN 47.36%election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May 2002)

Senate, 577 seats, elected 24 September 1995seats by party

PS 245RPR 140UDF 109PCF 37PRS 13Ecologists 8MDC 7LDI-MPF 1FN 1various left 9various right 7

Country name

conventional long form:
French Republic
conventional short form:
France
local long form :
Republique Francaise
local short form:
France

Administrative divisions

22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes

note: metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including the "territorial collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and is subdivided into 96 departments; see separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the overseas territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon)

Dependent areas

Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence

486 (unified by Clovis)

National holiday

National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)

Constitution

  • 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992;
  • amended to tighten immigration laws 1993

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:
President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government:
Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the suggestion of the prime minister
elections:
  • president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
  • election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May 2002);
  • prime minister appointed by the president
election results:
Jacques CHIRAC elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC 52.64%, Lionel JOSPIN 47.36%

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (321 seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members are indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve nine-year terms; elected by thirds every three years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats; members are elected under a single-member majoritarian system to serve five-year terms)

elections:
Senate - last held 24 September 1995 (next to be held September 1998); National Assembly - last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002)
election results:
  • Senate - percent of vote by party - NA;
  • seats by party - RPR 94, UDF 127, PS 75, PCF 15, other 10;
  • National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA;
  • seats by party - PS 245, RPR 140, UDF 109, PCF 37, PRS 13, Ecologists 8, MDC 7, LDI-MPF 1, FN 1, various left 9, various right 7

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation, judges are appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of the Judiciary

Political parties and leaders

  • Rally for the Republic or RPR [Alain JUPPE, president];
  • Union for French Democracy or UDF (coalition of PR, FD, RAD, PPDF) [Francois LEOTARD];
  • Republican Party or PR [Francois LEOTARD];
  • Democratic Force or FD [Francois BAYROU];
  • Socialist Party or PS [Lionel JOSPIN];
  • Radical Party or RRRS [Andre ROSSINOT, Aymeri de MONTESQUIEU];
  • Communist Party or PCF [Robert HUE];
  • National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN];
  • The Greens [Dominique VOYNET];
  • Generation Ecology or GE [Brice LALONDE];
  • Citizens Movement or MDC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT];
  • National Center of Independents and Peasants or CNIP [Jean-Antoine GIANSILY];
  • Radical Socialist Party or PRS;
  • Movement for France or LDI-MPF

Political pressure groups and leaders

  • Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) or CGT, nearly 2.4 million members (claimed);
  • Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail) or CFDT, about 800,000 members (est.);
  • independent labor union or Force Ouvriere, 1 million members (est.);
  • independent white-collar union or Confederation Generale des Cadres, 340,000 members (claimed);
  • National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais) or CNPF or Patronat

International organization participation

ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, EU, FAO, FZ, G- 5, G- 7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIH, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Francois V. BUJON DE L'ESTANG
chancery:
4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 944-6000

FAX

[1] (202) 944-6166; consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Pamela C. HARRIMAN (died in office 2 February 1997)
embassy:
2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08
mailing address:
PSC 116, APO AE 09777
telephone:
[33] (1) 43-12-22-22

FAX

[33] (1) 42 66 97 83; consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg

Flag description

  • three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red;
  • known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor);
  • the design and colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg;
  • the official flag for all French dependent areas

Economy

One of the four West European trillion-dollar | economies, the French economy features considerable state control over | its capitalistic market system.

22 fields
Real growth rate
1.3%
(1996 est.)industrial production growth: 0.6% (1996 est.)
Labor force
25.5million
by occupation: services 69%, industry 26%, agriculture 5% (1995)

GDP - composition by sector(1994)

agriculture 2.4%industry 26.5%services 71.1% (1994)

Budget

Revenues
$250 billionExpenditures
$300 billion (1996 est.)
expenditures including capital expenditures of $34 billion

Economy - overview

One of the four West European trillion-dollar economies, the French economy features considerable state control over its capitalistic market system. In running important industrial segments (railways, airlines, electricity, telecommunications), administering an exceptionally generous social welfare system, and staffing an enormous bureaucracy, the state spends about 55% of GDP. France has substantial agricultural resources and a diversified modern industrial sector.

Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in Western Europe. Largely self-sufficient in agricultural products, France is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has become crucial to the economy.

Following stagnation and recession in 1991-93, French GDP expanded 2.4% in 1994 and in 1995 but at only 1.3% in 1996. Persistently high unemployment still poses a major problem for the government, as will the need to cut back on government spending to keep the economy internationally competitive and enable France to qualify for European Economic and Monetary Union, slated to introduce a common European currency in January 1999.

The government also has laid plans to sell off much of its stake in the telecommunications and defense industries in 1997 as part of its bid to make domestic companies more competitive with foreign rivals. However, the socialist victory at the polls in June 1997 casts doubt on France's future policy toward economic union and privatization of domestic economic activity.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $1.22 trillion (1996 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $20,900 (1996 est.)

Industries

steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, mining, textiles, food processing, tourism

Electricity - capacity

102.94 million kW (1994)

Electricity - production

492.7 billion kWh (1995)

Agriculture - products

  • wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes;
  • beef, dairy products;
  • fish catch of 850,000 metric tons ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically

Exports

total value:
$275 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing
partners:
Germany 17%, Italy 9%, UK 9%, Spain 8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8%, US 6%, Netherlands 4.5%, Japan 2%, Russia 0.7% (1996)

Imports

total value:
$255.5 billion f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:
crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron and steel products
partners:
Germany 17%, Italy 10%, US 8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8%, UK 8%, Spain 7%, Netherlands 5%, Japan 3%, Russia 1.5% (1996)

Debt - external

$117.6 billion (1996 est.)

Economic aid

donor : ODA, $7.915 billion (1993)

Currency

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

6 fields
Fixed lines
35 million
(1987 est.)

Telephone system

highly developed

domestic:
  • extensive cable and microwave radio relay;
  • extensive introduction of fiber-optic cable;
  • domestic satellite system
international:
  • satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean Region);
  • HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries

Radio broadcast stations

AM 41, FM 800 (mostly repeaters), shortwave 0

Radios

49 million (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations

846 (mostly repeaters) note: Eutelsat receive-only TV service

Televisions

29.3 million (1993 est.)

Transportation

10 fields

Merchant marine, 52 ships by typeone square, one ship · ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,038,151 GRT/1,441,498 DWT

bulk 5cargo 3chemical tanker 4combination bulk 1container 7liquefied gas tanker 3multi-function large load carrier 1oil tanker 13passenger 2roll-on/roll-off cargo 5short-sea passenger 7specialized tanker 1note: France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) (1996 est.)

Airports by runway lengthpaved only

under 914 m
179
over 3,047 m: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26 1,524 to 2,437 m: 91 914 to 1,523 m : 73

Networkskm

Highways
1,512,700Railways
34,123Waterways
14,932
Highways: paved : 812,700 km (including 9,140 km of expressways) · unpaved: 700,000 km (1995 est.) · Railways: standard gauge: 33,524 km 1.435-m gauge; 32,275 km are operated by French National Railways (SNCF); 13,741 km of SNCF routes are electrified and 12,132 km are double- or multiple-tracked · narrow gauge : 599 km 1.000-m gauge note: does not include 33 tourist railroads, totaling 469 km, many being of very narrow gauge (1995) · Waterways: ; 6,969 km heavily traveled

Railways

total:
34,123 km
standard gauge:
  • 33,524 km 1.435-m gauge;
  • 32,275 km are operated by French National Railways (SNCF);
  • 13,741 km of SNCF routes are electrified and 12,132 km are double- or multiple-tracked
narrow gauge :
599 km 1.000-m gauge

note: does not include 33 tourist railroads, totaling 469 km, many being of very narrow gauge (1995)

Highways

total:
1,512,700 km
paved :
812,700 km (including 9,140 km of expressways)
unpaved:
700,000 km (1995 est.)

Waterways

14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled

Pipelines

  • crude oil 3,059 km;
  • petroleum products 4,487 km;
  • natural gas 24,746 km

Ports and harbors

Bordeaux, Boulogne, Cherbourg, Dijon, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Mullhouse, Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Saint Nazaire, Saint Malo, Strasbourg

Airports

460 (1996 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 78 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m : 75 (1996 est.)

Heliports

3 (1996 est.)

Military

Army (includes Marines), Navy (includes Naval Air), | Air Force (includes Air Defense, National Gendarmerie

7 fields

Military branches

Army (includes Marines), Navy (includes Naval Air), Air Force (includes Air Defense, National Gendarmerie

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 14,800,821 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males : 12,315,337 (1997 est.)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

  • Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island;
  • Comoros claims Mayotte;
  • Mauritius claims Tromelin Island;
  • Seychelles claims Tromelin Island;
  • Suriname claims part of French Guiana;
  • territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land);
  • Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France;
  • in 1992 an arbitration panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone area of 12,348 sq km to settle the dispute;
  • claims Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for and consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin FRENCH GUIANA (overseas department of France)

Central Intelligence Agency. “France.” The World Factbook 1997. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/france/1997.

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