Libya
State of LibyaDawlat Libiya
in transitionIndependence 24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)
Libya as the 2024 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 147 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Romans, and Vandals have all settled and ruled the region. In the 7th century, Islam spread through the area. In the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began; the Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and held it until 1943, when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then came under UN administration and achieved independence in 1951.
Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership with a military coup in 1969 and began to espouse a political system that combined socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners -- one over Scotland and another in Northern Africa -- and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically; the sanctions were lifted in 2003 when Libya accepted responsibility for the bombings and agreed to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.
Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw the emergence of a National Transitional Council (NTC), UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, and the toppling of the QADHAFI regime. In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC), which was replaced two years later with the House of Representatives (HoR). In 2015, the UN brokered the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) among a broad array of political parties and social groups, establishing an interim executive body.
However, hardliners continued to oppose and hamper the LPA implementation, leaving Libya with eastern and western-based rival governments. In 2018, the international community supported a recalibrated plan that aimed to break the political deadlock with a National Conference in 2019. These plans, however, were derailed when the eastern-based, self-described Libyan National Army (LNA) launched an offensive to seize Tripoli. The LNA offensive collapsed in 2020, and a subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fire helped formalize the pause in fighting between rival camps.
In 2021, the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected a new prime minister for an interim government -- the Government of National Unity (GNU) -- and a new presidential council charged with preparing for elections and uniting the country’s state institutions. The HoR approved the GNU and its cabinet the same year, providing Libya with its first unified government since 2014, but the parliament then postponed the planned presidential election to an undetermined date in the future.
In 2022, the HoR voted to replace GNU interim Prime Minister, Abdul Hamid DUBAYBAH, with another government led by Fathi BASHAGHA. GNU allegations of an illegitimate HoR vote allowed DUBAYBAH to remain in office and rebuff BASHAGHA's attempts to seat his government in Tripoli. In 2023, the HoR voted to replace BASHAGHA with Osma HAMAD. Special Representative of the UN Security-General for Libya, Abdoulaye BATHILY, is leading international efforts to persuade key Libyan political actors to resolve the core issues impeding elections.
Geography
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria
19 fieldsLand useshare of 1,759,540 sq km
Population distribution
- well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east;
- the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards
hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
Geography - note
note 1: more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert
note 2: the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis -- the name means "oasis of mosquitoes" -- containing several small lakes surrounded by vegetation and hosting various insects and a large diversity of birds
People and Society
34 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2024 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2024 est.)
Male · female(2015)
Ethnic groups
Amazigh and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Italian, Maltese, Pakistani, Tunisian, and Turkish)
Languages
Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Tamazight (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq); major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic); The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, folk religion <1%, other <1%, unaffiliated <1% (2020 est.) note: non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (<1% of the population) and foreign Muslims
Demographic profile
Despite continuing unrest, Libya remains a destination country for economic migrants. It is also a hub for transit migration to Europe because of its proximity to southern Europe and its lax border controls. Labor migrants have been drawn to Libya since the development of its oil sector in the 1960s.
Until the latter part of the 1990s, most migrants to Libya were Arab (primarily Egyptians and Sudanese). However, international isolation stemming from Libya’s involvement in international terrorism and a perceived lack of support from Arab countries led QADHAFI in 1998 to adopt a decade-long pan-African policy that enabled large numbers of Sub-Saharan migrants to enter Libya without visas to work in the construction and agricultural industries. Although Sub-Saharan Africans provided a cheap labor source, they were poorly treated and were subjected to periodic mass expulsions.
By the mid-2000s, domestic animosity toward African migrants and a desire to reintegrate into the international community motivated QADHAFI to impose entry visas on Arab and African immigrants and to agree to joint maritime patrols and migrant repatriations with Italy, the main recipient of illegal migrants departing Libya.
As his regime neared collapse in 2011, QADHAFI reversed his policy of cooperating with Italy to curb illegal migration and sent boats loaded with migrants and asylum seekers to strain European resources. Libya’s 2011 revolution decreased immigration drastically and prompted nearly 800,000 migrants to flee to third countries, mainly Tunisia and Egypt, or to their countries of origin.
The inflow of migrants declined in 2012 but returned to normal levels by 2013, despite continued hostility toward Sub-Saharan Africans and a less-inviting job market.
While Libya is not an appealing destination for migrants, since 2014, transiting migrants – primarily from East and West Africa – continue to exploit its political instability and weak border controls and use it as a primary departure area to migrate across the central Mediterranean to Europe in growing numbers.
In addition, approximately 135,000 people were displaced internally as of August 2022 by fighting between armed groups in eastern and western Libya and, to a lesser extent, by inter-tribal clashes in the country’s south.
Population distribution
- well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east;
- the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 0-14 years:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.82 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate
- total:
- 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
- male:
- 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births
- female:
- 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Alcohol consumption per capita
- total:
- 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- beer:
- 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- wine:
- 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- spirits:
- 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- other alcohols:
- 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Environment
14 fieldsLand use(2018 est.)
Environment - current issues
- desertification;
- limited natural freshwater resources;
- the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, brings water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities;
- water pollution is a significant problem;
- the combined impact of sewage, oil byproducts, and industrial waste threatens Libya's coast and the Mediterranean Sea
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
- signed, but not ratified:
- Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Law of the Sea
Urbanization
- urban population:
- 81.6% of total population (2023)
- rate of urbanization:
- 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Food insecurity
- severe localized food insecurity:
- due to civil insecurity, economic and political instability, and high food prices - a 2023 analysis states that about 300,000 people are estimated to be in need of humanitarian assistance in 2023;
- the country relies heavily on imports (up to 90%) to cover its cereal consumption requirements (mostly wheat for human consumption and barley for feed);
- between 2016 and 2020, the country sourced over 30% of its wheat imports from Ukraine, and 20% from the Russian Federation;
- almost 65% of total maize imports of 650,000 mt, and 50% of total barley imports of 1 million mt originated from Ukraine, making the Libya vulnerable to disruptions in shipments from the Black Sea region (2023)
Air pollutants
- particulate matter emissions:
- 29.84 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
- carbon dioxide emissions:
- 50.56 megatons (2016 est.)
- methane emissions:
- 45.76 megatons (2020 est.)
Total water withdrawal
- municipal:
- 700 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
- industrial:
- 280 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
- agricultural:
- 4.85 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Government
In transition; President, Presidential Council, Mohammed al-MANFI (since 5 February 2021); GNU Interim Prime Minister Abd-al-Hamid DUBAYBAH (since 5 February 2021)
22 fieldsCountry name
- conventional long form:
- State of Libya
- conventional short form:
- Libya
- local long form:
- Dawlat Libiya
- local short form:
- Libiya
- etymology:
- name derives from the Libu, an ancient Libyan tribe first mentioned in texts from the 13th century B.C.
Capital
- name:
- Tripoli (Tarabulus)
- geographic coordinates:
- 32 53 N, 13 10 E
- time difference:
- UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- etymology:
- originally founded by the Phoenicians as Oea in the 7th century B.C., the city changed rulers many times over the successive centuries;
- by the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. the region around the city was referred to as Regio Tripolitana by the Romans, meaning "region of the three cities" - namely Oea (i.e., modern Tripoli), Sabratha (to the west), and Leptis Magna (to the east);
- over time, the shortened name of "Tripoli" came to refer to just Oea, which derives from the Greek words tria and polis meaning "three cities"
Administrative divisions
- 22 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat);
- Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi (Benghazi), Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati
Legal system
Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities
Constitution
- history:
- previous 1951, 1977;
- in July 2017, the Constitutional Assembly completed and approved a draft of a new permanent constitution;
- in September 2018, the House of Representatives passed a constitutional referendum law in a session with contested reports of the quorum needed to pass the vote and submitted it to the High National Elections Commission in December to begin preparations for a constitutional referendum
- amendments:
- note - in early March 2023, the High Council of State voted for a constitutional amendment to provide a groundwork for elections
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
- citizenship by birth:
- no
- citizenship by descent only:
- at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya
- dual citizenship recognized:
- no
- residency requirement for naturalization:
- varies from 3 to 5 years
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President, Presidential Council, Mohammed al-MANFI (since 5 February 2021)
- head of government:
- GNU Interim Prime Minister Abd-al-Hamid DUBAYBAH (since 5 February 2021)
- elections/appointments:
- Libya’s first direct presidential election, scheduled for 24 December 2021, was not held; no new date has been set for elections
Legislative branch
- description:
- unicameral House of Representatives (Majlis Al Nuwab) or HoR (200 seats; members directly elected by majority vote; member term NA)
- elections:
- last held on 25 June 2014
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - NA;
- seats by party - NA;
- note - only 188 of the 200 seats were filled in the June 2014 election because of boycotts and lack of security at some polling stations;
- some elected members of the House of Representatives also boycotted the election
note: 32 seats are reserved for women
Judicial branch
- highest court(s):
- Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts;
- the judicial system is factious given the ongoing tension between Libya's eastern and western regions;
- since 2011, Libyan political factions and armed groups have targeted judges and courthouses
International organization participation
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BDEAC, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNSMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Fadil S M OMAR (since 17 July 2023)
- chancery:
- 1460 Dahlia Street NW, Washington, DC 20012
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 944-9601
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 944-9606
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://www.embassyoflibyadc.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Jeremy BERNDT (since 14 October 2023)
- embassy:
- US Embassy Tripoli operations suspended in 2014
- mailing address:
- 8850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC 20521-8850
- telephone:
- [216] 71-107-000
- email address and website:
- [email protected]; https://ly.usembassy.gov/
note: the US Embassy in Tripoli closed in July 2014 due to Libyan civil unrest; embassy staff and operations currently are located at US Embassy Tunis, Tunisia
Flag description
- three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double width), and green with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe;
- the National Transitional Council reintroduced this flag design of the former Kingdom of Libya (1951-1969) on 27 February 2011;
- it replaced the former all-green banner promulgated by the QADHAFI regime in 1977;
- the colors represent the three major regions of the country: red stands for Fezzan, black symbolizes Cyrenaica, and green denotes Tripolitania;
- the crescent and star represent Islam, the main religion of the country
National anthem
- name:
- "Libya, Libya, Libya"
- lyrics/music:
- Al Bashir AL AREBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
note: also known as "Ya Beladi" or "Oh, My Country!"; adopted 1951; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; during the QADHAFI years between 1969 and 2011,
the anthem was "Allahu Akbar," (God is Great) a marching song of the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War
National heritage
- total World Heritage Sites:
- 5 (all cultural)
- selected World Heritage Site locales:
- Archaeological Site of Cyrene;
- Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna , Archaeological Site of Sabratha ;
- Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus;
- Old Town of Ghadamès
Economy
27 fieldsTrading partnersexports left, imports right
By end use% of GDP
Budget(2019 est.)
Economic overview
- upper middle-income, fossil fuel-based North African economy;
- 31% economic contraction due to COVID-19 and 2020 oil blockade;
- reduced government spending;
- central bank had to devalue currency;
- public wages are over 60% of expenditures
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
- agriculture:
- 1.6% (2023 est.)
- industry:
- 85% (2023 est.)
- services:
- 46.6% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Agricultural products
potatoes, watermelons, tomatoes, onions, dates, milk, olives, chicken, wheat, vegetables (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
Labor force
2.398 million (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate
18.74% (2023 est.) · 19.32% (2022 est.) · 19.6% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
- total:
- 49.4% (2023 est.)
- male:
- 41.2% (2023 est.)
- female:
- 68% (2023 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Remittances
0% of GDP (2022 est.) · 0% of GDP (2021 est.) · 0% of GDP (2020 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Current account balance
$5.675 billion (2021 est.) · -$4.78 billion (2020 est.) · $4.817 billion (2019 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$32.38 billion (2021 est.) · $9.537 billion (2020 est.) · $29.326 billion (2019 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, natural gas, gold, refined petroleum, scrap iron (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$25.406 billion (2021 est.) · $14.334 billion (2020 est.) · $25.368 billion (2019 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, garments, broadcasting equipment, tobacco (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$92.427 billion (2023 est.) · $86.683 billion (2022 est.) · $82.262 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 4.813 (2023 est.) · 4.813 (2022 est.) · 4.514 (2021 est.) · 1.389 (2020 est.) · 1.398 (2019 est.)
Energy
8 fieldsElectrification% of population · (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity, 10.517 million kW(2022 est.)
Petroleum
- total petroleum production:
- 1.245 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
- refined petroleum consumption:
- 230,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
- crude oil estimated reserves:
- 48.363 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
- production:
- 11.832 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- consumption:
- 9.212 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- exports:
- 2.62 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- proven reserves:
- 1.505 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
49.751 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
- from petroleum and other liquids:
- 31.68 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
- from consumed natural gas:
- 18.072 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
Communications
7 fieldsPer 100 inhabitants(2020–22 est.)
Telecommunication systems
- general assessment:
- political and security instability in Libya has disrupted its telecom sector;
- much of its infrastructure remains superior to that in most other African countries;
- rival operators fight for control;
- investment in fiber backbone and upgrades to international cables;
- limited LTE and 5G service;
- some satellite broadband;
- in 2021 Libya signed deals and projects with US firms to upgrade portions of its infrastructure, increasing the diversity of its telecommunications networks (2022)
- domestic:
- nearly 23 per 100 fixed-line and over 43 per 100 mobile-cellular subscriptions; service generally adequate (2021)
- international:
- country code - 218;
- landing points for LFON, EIG, Italy-Libya, Silphium and Tobrok-Emasaed submarine cable system connecting Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia;
- satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, Arabsat, and Intersputnik;
- microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;
- tropospheric scatter to Greece;
- participant in Medarabtel (2019)
Broadcast media
- state-funded and private TV stations;
- some provinces operate local TV stations;
- pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available;
- state-funded radio (2019)
Transportation
7 fieldsMerchant marine, 96 ships by typeone square, one ship · (2023)
Networkskm
National air transport system
- number of registered air carriers:
- 9 (2020); inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 55
- annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:
- 927,153 (2018)
Ports
- total ports:
- 14 (2024)
- large:
- 0
- medium:
- 2
- small:
- 3
- very small:
- 9
- ports with oil terminals:
- 10
- key ports:
- Al Burayqah, Az Zawiya, Banghazi, Mersa Tobruq, Mina Tarabulus (Tripoli)
Military and Security
6 fieldsMilitary and security forces
- the Tripoli-based Government of National Unity (GNU) has access to various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces comprised of a mix of formations and equipment from the QADHAFI regime, semi-regular and nominally integrated units, tribal armed groups/militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign private military contractors and mercenaries;
- the GNU has a Ministry of Defense, but has limited control over its security forces
- the self-styled Libyan National Army (LNA), under de facto LNA commander Khalifa HAFTER, also includes various ground, air, and naval forces comprised of semi-regular military personnel, militias, and foreign private military contractors and mercenaries;
- the LNA operates independently from the GNU and exerts influence throughout eastern, central, and southern Libya;
- some of the armed groups nominally under the LNA operate under their own command structures and engage in their own operations (2024)
note 1: the Stabilization Support Apparatus (SSA) is a state-funded militia established in January 2021 by the GNA; it is tasked with securing government buildings and officials, participating in combat operations, apprehending those suspected of national security crimes, and cooperating with other security bodies;
other forces operating in western Libya include the Misrata Counter Terrorism Force, Special Deterrence Forces (aka Radaa), 444 Brigade, 111 Brigade, Nawasi Brigade, and the Joint Operations Force
note 2: the national police force under the Ministry of Interior oversees internal security (with support from military forces under the Ministry of Defense), but much of Libya's security-related police work generally falls to informal armed groups, which receive government salaries but lack formal training, supervision, or consistent accountability
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
- both the forces aligned with the GNU and the LNA are largely equipped with weapons of Russian or Soviet origin;
- in recent years, Turkey has the been the primary supplier of arms to the GNU, while the LNA has received quantities from Russia and the United Arab Emirates (2024)
note: Libya is under a UN-imposed arms embargo
Military - note
- the western-based GNU and the eastern-based LNA forces are separated by a fortified line of control running roughly from the coastal city of Sirte south to the vicinity of Al Jufra and Brak;
- Turkey has provided support to the GNU forces, including military trainers, ammunition, weapons, and aerial drones;
- Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt have been the main supporters of the LNA;
- both the LNA and the GNU forces have incorporated foreign fighters into their ranks (2024)
Terrorism
1 fieldTerrorist group(s)
- Ansar al-Sharia groups;
- Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Libya (ISIS-L);
- al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun);
- al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transnational Issues
1 fieldRefugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees (country of origin):
- 11,623 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 8,302 (Eritrea) (2023); 6,293 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2024)
- IDPs:
- 125,802 (conflict between pro-QADHAFI and anti-QADHAFI forces in 2011; post-QADHAFI tribal clashes 2014) (2023)
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Libya.” The World Factbook 2024. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/libya/2024.