Luxembourg

Grand Duchy of LuxembourgGrand-Duche de Luxembourg

constitutional monarchyIndependence 1839

Luxembourg as the 1995 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 82 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalLuxembourg

Area2,586 sq km

LocationWestern Europe, between France and Germany

Populationas each edition published it

404,660 people July 1995 est. · 383,813 in 1990

Population growth% a year

0.57% 1995 est. · 1.04% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 38.1 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

76.95 years 1995 est. · 76.43 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

1.65 children per woman 1995 est. · 1.5 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

6.6 deaths per 1,000 live births 1995 est. · 7 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$22,830 1994 est. · $21,700 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

2.6% 1994 est. · 2.5% in 1993

Geography

Western Europe, between France and Germany

14 fields

Land useshare of 2,586 sq km

arable land 24%permanent crops 1%meadows and pastures 20%forest and woodland 21%other 34%

Area

2,586sq km

land area: 2,586 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

359km

total · Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Location

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Climate

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Terrain

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys;
uplands to slightly mountainous in the north;
steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in the southeast

Environment

current issues:: deforestation; air and water pollution in urban areas
natural hazards:: NA
international agreements:: party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83;
signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

People

15 fields

Population

404,660

(July 1995 est.)growth rate: 0.57% (1995 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1995 est.)

Birth

12.61Death

9.42Net migration

2.47

Male · female(1995 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years76.95

73.31 · 80.75

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy100%

100% · 100%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)

Labor force

177,300

(one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany)by occupation: services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 18% (female 35,372; male 36,645)
15-64 years:: 68% (female 136,960; male 137,792)
65 years and over:: 14% (female 35,774; male 22,117) (July 1995 est.)

Infant mortality rate

6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Luxembourger(s)
adjective:: Luxembourg

Ethnic divisions

Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and European (guest and worker residents)

Religions

Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%

Government

Constitutional monarchy; Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNKER (since 1 January 1994)

22 fields

Legislature, 60 seatsone dot, one seat

CSV 21LSAP 17DP 12Action Committee for Democracy and Pension Rights 5Greens 5

Names

conventional long form:: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form:: Luxembourg
local long form:: Grand-Duche de Luxembourg
local short form:: Luxembourg

Administrative divisions

3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg

National holiday

National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday)

Legal system

based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch

chief of state:: Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke JEAN, born 16 April 1955)
head of government:: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNKER (since 1 January 1994); Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
cabinet:: Council of Ministers; appointed by the sovereign

Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes)

elections last held on 12 June 1994 (next to be held by June 1999);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (60 total) CSV 21, LSAP 17, DP 12, Action Committee for Democracy and Pension Rights 5, Greens 5

note: the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies

Judicial branch

Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)

Political parties and leaders

Christian Social People's Party (CSV), Erna HENNICOT-SCHOEPGES;
Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Ben FAYOT;
Democratic Party (DP), Henri GRETHEN;
Action Committee for Democracy and Pension Rights, Roby MEHLEN;
other minor parties

Other political or pressure groups

group of steel companies representing iron and steel industry;
Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers;
Christian and Socialist labor unions;
Federation of Industrialists;
Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation

ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Alphonse BERNS
chancery:: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:: [1] (202) 265-4171

FAX

[1] (202) 328-8270; consulate(s) general: New York and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Clay CONSTANTINOU
embassy:: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address:: PSC 11, Luxembourg City; APO AE 09132-5380
telephone:: [352] 46 01 23

FAX

[352] 46 14 01

Flag

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue;
similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter;
design was based on the flag of France

Economy

The stable, prosperous economy features moderate growth, low | inflation, and negligible unemployment.

18 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$22,830

(1994 est.)

Real growth rate

2.6%

(1994 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate -0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

3.6%

(1992)

Unemployment rate

2.4%

(1994)

Budget

Revenues

$4 billionExpenditures

$4.05 billion (1994 est.)

expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Installed generating capacity, 1,238,750 kW

Electricity production

1.374 billionElectricity consumption per capita

3,395 (1993)

Overview

The stable, prosperous economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward high-technology firms.

During the past decade, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most financial matters, is also closely connected economically to the Netherlands, and as a member of the 15-member European Union enjoys the advantages of the open European market.

National product

GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.2 billion (1994 est.)

Exports

$6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:: finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other industrial products
partners:: EC 76%, US 5%

Imports

$8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

commodities:: minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods
partners:: Belgium 37%, Germany 31%, France 12%, US 2%

External debt

$800 million (1994 est.)

Industries

banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum

Agriculture

accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry);
principal products - barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes;
cattle raising widespread

Economic aid

none

Currency

1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates

Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 31.549 (January 1995), 33,456 (1994), 34.597 (1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 (1990);
note - the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg

Fiscal year

calendar year

Transportation

7 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 2 in all

over 3,047 m

under 914 m

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

5,108Railroads

271Inland waterways

Highways: paved: 5,062 km (95 km of limited access divided highway) · unpaved: 46 km (1992) · Railroads: standard gauge: 271 km 1.435-m gauge (243 km electrified; 178 km double track) (1994) · Inland waterways: ; Moselle River

Railroads

total:: 271 km
standard gauge:: 271 km 1.435-m gauge (243 km electrified; 178 km double track) (1994)

Highways

total:: 5,108 km
paved:: 5,062 km (95 km of limited access divided highway)
unpaved:: 46 km (1992)

total:: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,129,466 GRT/1,790,988 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 6, cargo 2, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 6, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 8, oil tanker 7, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 6, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2