Mongolia

republicIndependence 13 March 1921 (from China)

Mongolia as the 1994 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 123 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalUlaanbaatar

LocationNorthern Asia, between China and Russia

Populationas each edition published it

2.43 million July 1994 est. · 2.19m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.61% 1994 est. · 2.62% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 23.5 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

Not in this edition 65.77 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

4.33 children per woman 1994 est. · 4.7 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

43.4 deaths per 1,000 live births 1994 est. · 50 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$1,200 1993 est. · $800 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

-1.3% 1993 est. · -15% in 1993

Geography

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

22 fields

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

8,114km

total · China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km

Irrigated land

770sq km

(1989)

total area

1.565 million sq km

land area

1.565 million sq km

comparative area

slightly larger than Alaska

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains;
mountains in west and southwest;
Gobi Desert in southeast

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold

arable land

permanent crops

meadows and pastures

79%

forest and woodland

10%

other

10%

current issues

limited water resources;
policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment;
the burning of soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air;
deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain;
desertification

natural hazards

international agreements

party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea

Note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

People

22 fields

Population

2,429,762

(July 1994 est.)growth rate: 2.61% (1994 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1994 est.)

Birth

33.04Death

6.99Net migration

Ethnic divisions

Mongol 90%Kazakh 4%Chinese 2%Russian 2%other 2%

Infant mortality rate

43.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

total population

66.16 years

male

63.9 years

female

68.52 years (1994 est.)

noun

Mongolian(s)

adjective

Mongolian

Religions

predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%

note

previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime

Languages

Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese

total population

NA%

male

NA%

female

NA%

by occupation

primarily herding/agricultural

note

over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

Government

Republic

35 fields

Legislature, 76 seatsone dot, one seat

MPRP 71United Party 4MSDP 1

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Mongolia

local long form

none

local short form

Mongol Uls

former

Outer Mongolia

Administrative divisions

18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot);
Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Legal system

blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law;
no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

chief of state

President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990);
election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997);
results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% of the vote;
other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)

head of government

Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)

cabinet

Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural

State Great Hural

elections first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA;
seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party 4, MSDP 1

note

the People's Small Hural no longer exists

Judicial branch

Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts

Political parties and leaders

Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general;
Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator;
National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders;
Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders;
Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader;
United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP);
Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman;
Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman;
Mongolian Conservative Party, O. ZOYA;
Mongolian Green Party (MGP), M. GANBAT

note

opposition parties were legalized in May 1990

AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

chief of mission

Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV

chancery

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone

(202) 333-7117

FAX

(202) 298-9227

consulate(s) general

New York

chief of mission

Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON

embassy

address NA, Ulaanbaatar

mailing address

Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002

telephone

[976] (1) 329095 through 329606

FAX

[976] (1) 320-776

Flag

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)

Economy

Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of | unproductive land have constrained economic development.

27 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$1,200

(1993 est.)

Real growth rate

-1.3%

(1993 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for about 42% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

325%

(1992 est.)

Unemployment rate

15%

(1991 est.)

Overview

Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world.

In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors.

The Mongolian leadership is trying to make the transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships.

National product

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.8 billion (1993 est.)

revenues

$NA

expenditures

$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)

note

deficit of $67 million

Exports

$355 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities

copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals

partners

former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)

Imports

$501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities

machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea

partners

USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%

External debt

$16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR

capacity

1,248,000 kW

production

3,740 kWh

consumption per capita

1,622 kWh (1992)

Industries

copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)

Agriculture

accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population;
livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses);
crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage

note

the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and was in force to the end of 1992

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

13 fields

Networkskm · (1988)

Railroads

1,750Inland waterways

397

total

46,700 km

paved

1,000 km

unpaved

45,700 km (1988)

Ports

none; landlocked

total

usable

with permanent-surface runways

with runways over 3,659 m

fewer than 5

with runways 2,440-3,659 m

fewer than 20

with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications

63,000 telephones (1989);
broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial repeaters);
repeat of Russian TV;
120,000 TVs;
220,000 radios;
at least 1 earth station

Defense Forces

Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and | Frontier Guards), Air Force

4 fields

Branches

Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force

Manpower availability

males age 15-49 587,113;
fit for military service 382,633;
reach military age (18) annually 25,261 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures

exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)

Affiliation

(dependent territory of the UK)

Central Intelligence Agency. “Mongolia.” The World Factbook 1994. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/mongolia/1994.

How to cite ← 1993 edition 1995 edition →

Geography

total area

land area

comparative area

arable land

permanent crops

meadows and pastures

forest and woodland

other

current issues

natural hazards

international agreements

People

total population

male

female

noun

adjective

note

total population

male

female

by occupation

note

Government

conventional long form

conventional short form

local long form

local short form

former

chief of state

head of government

cabinet

note

note

chief of mission

chancery

consulate(s) general

chief of mission

embassy

mailing address

Economy

revenues

expenditures

note

commodities

partners

commodities

partners

capacity

production

consumption per capita

note

Communications

total

paved

unpaved

total

usable

with permanent-surface runways

with runways over 3,659 m

with runways 2,440-3,659 m

with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Defense Forces

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