Mongolia

highest point:

Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m

lowest point:

Hoh Nuur 560 m

mean elevation:

1,528 m

fresh water lake(s):

Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km;

salt water lake(s):

Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km

• dust storms;
• grassland and forest fires;
• drought;
• "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

noun:

Mongolian(s)

adjective:

Mongolian

total:

28.8 years (2025 est.)

male:

30.1 years

female:

32.8 years

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.67 male(s)/female

total population:

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total:

8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

male:

22.4 deaths/1,000 live births

female:

16.2 deaths/1,000 live births

total population:

71.9 years (2024 est.)

male:

67.8 years

female:

76.3 years

total:

5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

beer:

2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine:

1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits:

1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols:

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total:

28.9% (2025 est.)

male:

51.9% (2025 est.)

female:

7.2% (2025 est.)

women married by age 15:

0.9% (2018)

women married by age 18:

12% (2018)

men married by age 18:

2.1% (2018)

• limited natural freshwater resources in some areas;
• air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar;
• soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing;
• water pollution;
• desertification;
• effects from mining

party to:

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

urban population:

69.1% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization:

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

energy:

532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)

agriculture:

525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste:

14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

other:

2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually:

2.9 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled:

13% (2022 est.)

municipal:

45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial:

166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

agricultural:

250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Mongolia

local long form:

none

local short form:

Mongol Uls

former:

Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic

etymology:

name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongu , meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

• 21 provinces ( aymguud , singular - aymag ) and 1 municipality* ( hot );
• Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

history:

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992

amendment process:

• proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court;
• conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural;
• passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote;
• passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia

dual citizenship recognized:

no

residency requirement for naturalization:

5 years

chief of state:

President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)

head of government:

Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025)

cabinet:

Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister

election/appointment process:

• presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for one 6-year term;
• following legislative elections, the State Great Hural usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister

most recent election date:

9 June 2021

election results:

• 2021: Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round;
• percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 68%, Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 20.1%, Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6%

;

• 2017: Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round;
• percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%;
• percent of vote in second round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%

expected date of next election:

2027

legislature name:

State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural)

legislative structure:

unicameral

number of seats:

126 (all directly elected)

electoral system:

mixed system

scope of elections:

full renewal

term in office:

4 years

most recent election date:

6/28/2024

parties elected and seats per party:

• Mongolian People's Party (MPP) (68);
• Democratic Party (DP) (42);
• HUN Party (8);
• Other (8)

percentage of women in chamber:

25.4%

expected date of next election:

June 2028

highest court(s):

• Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers);
• Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members)

judge selection and term of office:

• Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural;
• appointment is for life;
• chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members;
• members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court;
• appointment is 6 years;
• chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

subordinate courts:

• aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts;
• soum, inter-soum, and district courts;
• Administrative Cases Courts

• Democratic Party or DP
• Mongolian People's Party or MPP
• National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP)
• National Labor Party or HUN
• Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP

chief of mission:

Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021)

chancery:

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:

[1] (202) 333-7117

FAX:

[1] (202) 298-9227

email address and website:

[email protected]; http://mongolianembassy.us/

consulate(s) general:

New York, San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022)

embassy:

Denver Street #3, 11th Micro-District, Ulaanbaatar 14190

mailing address:

4410 Ulaanbaatar Place, Washington DC 20521-4410

telephone:

[976] 7007-6001

FAX:

[976] 7007-6174

email address and website:

[email protected]; https://mn.usembassy.gov/

description:

• three equal vertical bands of red (left side), blue, and red;
• centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellow, the soyombo, which is an abstract representation of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol

meaning:

blue stands for the sky, and red for progress and prosperity

title:

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)

lyrics/music:

Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ

history:

music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

total World Heritage Sites:

6 (4 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales:

• Uvs Nuur Basin (n);
• Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c);
• Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c);
• Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c);
• Landscapes of Dauria (n);
• Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)

• lower middle-income East Asian economy;
• large human capital improvements over last 3 decades;
• agricultural and natural resource rich;
• export and consumption-led growth;
• high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices;
• currency depreciation

agriculture:

7.4% (2024 est.)

industry:

38.1% (2024 est.)

services:

44.2% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

• construction and construction materials;
• mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold);
• oil;
• food and beverages;
• processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

total:

13.8% (2024 est.)

male:

15.9% (2024 est.)

female:

10.8% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

lowest 10%:

3.4% (2022 est.)

highest 10%:

24.6% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

production:

64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.)

consumption:

8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports:

55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports:

900 metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves:

2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

total petroleum production:

15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

refined petroleum consumption:

39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

• state-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider;
• also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers;
• transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)

total:

1,815 km (2017)

broad gauge:

1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge

note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway

• 18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women;
• initial service 24 months;
• compulsory service for men at 18;
• service obligation is 12 months in the military or police, which can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances;
• compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government;
• after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025)

refugees:

26 (2024 est.)

IDPs:

22 (2024 est.)

stateless persons:

17 (2024 est.)