Mongolia

republic

Mongolia as the 1993 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 75 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalUlaanbaatar

Area1.565 million km2

LocationEast Central Asia, between China and Russia

Populationas each edition published it

2.37 million July 1993 est. · 2.19m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.62% 1993 est. · 1.08% in 2025

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 23.5 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

65.77 years 1993 est. · 71.9 yrs in 2025

Fertility ratechildren per woman

4.41 children per woman 1993 est. · 4.7 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

44.9 deaths per 1,000 live births 1993 est. · 50 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$800 1992 est. · $16,800 in 2025

GDP real growth% a year

-15% 1992 est. · 4.9% in 2025

Geography

East Central Asia, between China and Russia

14 fields

Area

1.565million km2

land area: 1.565 million km2comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

8,114km

total · China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km

Irrigated land

770km2

(1989)

Location

East Central Asia, between China and Russia

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains;
mountains in west and southwest;
Gobi Desert in southeast

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold

Land use

arable land:: 1%
permanent crops:: 0%
meadows and pastures:: 79%
forest and woodland:: 10%
other:: 10%

Note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

People

14 fields

Population

2,367,054

(July 1993 est.)growth rate: 2.62% (1993 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1993 est.)

Birth

33.41Death

7.16Net migration

Ethnic divisions

Mongol 90%Kazakh 4%Chinese 2%Russian 2%other 2%

Infant mortality rate

44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population:: 65.77 years
male:: 63.53 years
female:: 68.13 years (1993 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Mongolian(s)
adjective:: Mongolian

Religions

predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime

Languages

Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese

Literacy

total population:: NA%
male:: NA%
female:: NA%

Labor force

NA; by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

Government

Republic

20 fields

Names

conventional long form:: none
conventional short form:: Mongolia
local long form:: none
local short form:: Mongol Uls
former:: Outer Mongolia

Administrative divisions

18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,, singular - hot);

Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence

13 March 1921 (from China)

Legal system

blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law;
no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Political parties and leaders

Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, presidium chairman;
Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator;
National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders;
Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders;
Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader;
United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP);
Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party, Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD

note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party,

Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP), Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party, Mongolian Workers Party

Elections

President:: last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993);
results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural;
other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
State Great Hural:: first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA);
results - MPRP 56.9%;
seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1

note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists

Executive branch

president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, cabinet

Judicial branch

Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts

Leaders

Chief of State:: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)
Head of Government:: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA)

Member of

AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV
chancery:: NA
telephone:: (301) 983-1962
FAX:: (301) 983-2025

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE
embassy:: address NA, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address:: Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone:: [976] (1) 329095, 329606
FAX:: Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)

Economy

Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of | unproductive land have constrained economic development.

18 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$800

(1992 est.)

Real growth rate

-15%

(1992 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate -15% (1992 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

325%

(1992 est.)

Unemployment rate

15%

(1991 est.)

Overview

Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world.

In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner.

Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally planned economy through privatization and price reform.

National product

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.)

Budget

deficit of $67 million (1991)

Exports

$347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
partners:: USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%

Imports

$501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners:: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%

accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population;
livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses);
crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage

Economic aid

about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990);
in 1991, $170 million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF;
over $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992