Netherlands

Kingdom of the Netherlands conventional short form: Netherlands local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden local short form: Nederland

constitutional monarchyIndependence 1579 (from Spain)

Netherlands as the 2001 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 119 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalAmsterdam

Position52 30 N, 5 45 E

Area41,526 sq km land: 33,883 sq km water: 7,643 sq km

LocationWestern Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Populationas each edition published it

15.98 million July 2001 est. · 14.94m in 1990

Population growth% a year

0.55% 2001 est. · 0.63% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 38.6 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

78.43 years 2001 est. · 77.55 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

1.65 children per woman 2001 est. · 1.6 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

4.37 deaths per 1,000 live births 2001 est. · 7 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$24,400 2000 est. · $17,200 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

4% 2000 est. · 1.6% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I but suffered a brutal invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EC, and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Geography

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

18 fields

Coastline

451km

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Irrigated land

6,000sq km

(1996 est.)

Location

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Geographic coordinates

52 30 N, 5 45 E

Map references

Europe

Area

total: 41,526 sq km land: 33,883 sq km water: 7,643 sq km

Land boundaries

total: 1,027 km border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Climate

temperate;
marine;
cool summers and mild winters

Terrain

mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Prins Alexanderpolder -7 m highest point: Vaalserberg 321 m

Natural resources

natural gas, petroleum, arable land

Land use

arable land: 25% permanent crops: 3% permanent pastures: 25% forests and woodland: 8% other: 39% (1996 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding

Environment - current issues

water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates;
air pollution from vehicles and refining activities;
acid rain

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note

located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)

People

18 fields

Population

15,981,472

(July 2001 est.)growth rate: 0.55% (2001 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2001 est.)

Birth

11.85Death

8.69Net migration

2.34

Religions(1998)

Roman Catholic 31%Protestant 21%Muslim 4.4%other 3.6%unaffiliated 40% (1998)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.19%

(1999 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 18.38% (male 1,501,925; female 1,436,017) 15-64 years: 67.9% (male 5,518,575; female 5,333,442) 65 years and over: 13.72% (male 899,052; female 1,292,461) (2001 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate

4.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.43 years male: 75.55 years female: 81.44 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.65 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

15,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

100 (1999 est.)

Nationality

noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) adjective: Dutch

Ethnic groups

Dutch 91%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 9% (1999 est.)

Languages

Dutch

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% (2000 est.) male: NA% female: NA%

Government

Constitutional monarchy; Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980)

21 fields

Legislature, 150 seatsone dot, one seat

PvdA 45VVD 38CDA 29D'66 14other 24

Country name

conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands conventional short form: Netherlands local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden local short form: Nederland

Government type

constitutional monarchy

Capital

Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government

Administrative divisions

12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie);
Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland

Dependent areas

Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

Independence

1579 (from Spain)

National holiday

Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April

Constitution

adopted 1814; amended many times, last time 17 February 1983

Legal system

civil law system incorporating French penal theory;
constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980);
Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch head of government: Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 22 August 1994) and Vice Prime Ministers Annemarie JORRITSMA (since 3 August 1998) and Els BORST-EILERS (since 3 August 1998) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch elections: none;
the monarch is hereditary;
following Second Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch;
vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch note: government coalition - PvdA, VVD, and D'66;
there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and councilors consulted by the executive on legislative and administrative policy

Legislative branch

bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2003);
Second Chamber - last held 6 May 1998 (next to be held May 2002) election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - CDA 20, VVD 19, PvdA 15, D'66 4, other 17;
Second Chamber - percent of vote by party - PvdA 30.0%, VVD 25.3%, CDA 19.3%, D'66 9.3%, other 16.1%;
seats by party - PvdA 45, VVD 38, CDA 29, D'66 14, other 24

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders

Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jaap de Hoop SCHEFFER];
Democrats '66 or D'66 [Tom DE GRAAF];
Labor Party or PvdA [Wim KOK];
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Hans F. DIJKSTAL];
a host of minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders

Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union;
Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations;
Interchurch Peace Council or IKV;
large multinational firms;
the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

International organization participation

AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, ESA, ESCAP, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Joris M. VOS chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300

FAX

[1] (202) 362-3430 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York consulate(s): Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Cynthia P. SCHNEIDER embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715 telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209

FAX

[31] (70) 361-4688 consulate(s) general: Amsterdam

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer

Economy

The Netherlands is a prosperous and open economy depending heavily on foreign trade.

32 fields

Real growth rate

(2000 est.)industrial production growth: 3.2% (2000)

Inflation, consumer prices

2.6%

(2000 est.)

Unemployment rate

2.6%

(2000 est.)

Labor force

7.2million

(2000)

Electricity

Electricity production

85.294 billion (1999)Electricity consumption

97.76 billion (1999)Electricity exports

3.97 billion (1999)Electricity imports

22.407 billion (1999)

Economy - overview

The Netherlands is a prosperous and open economy depending heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, moderate inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery.

A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. The Dutch economy has expanded by 3% or more in each of the last four years and real GDP growth is likely to be about 3.6% in 2001.

The government in 2001 will implement its most comprehensive tax reform since World War II, designed to reduce high income tax levels and redirect the fiscal burden onto consumption. The Dutch were among the first 11 EU countries establishing the euro currency zone on 1 January 1999.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $388.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $24,400 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 3.3% industry: 26.3% services: 70.4% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Labor force - by occupation

services 73%, industry 23%, agriculture 4% (1998 est.)

Budget

revenues: $134 billion expenditures: $134 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Industries

agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel: 90.25% hydro: 0.11% nuclear: 4.27% other: 5.37% (1999)

Agriculture - products

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Exports

$210.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Exports - partners

EU 78% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 12%, France 12%, UK 11%, Italy 6%), Central and Eastern Europe, US (2000)

Imports

$201.2 billion (c.i.f., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners

EU 56% (Germany 18%, Belgium-Luxembourg 10%, UK 5%, France 6%), US 9%, Central and Eastern Europe (2000)

Debt - external

Economic aid - donor

ODA, $3.5 billion (2000 est.)

Currency

Netherlands guilder (NLG); euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in the Netherlands at a fixed rate of 2.20371 Netherlands guilders per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002

Currency code

NLG; EUR

Exchange rates

euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Netherlands guilders per US dollar - 1.9837 (1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

10 fields

Mobile cellular

4,081,891

(April 1999)

Internet users

(2000)

Fixed lines

9,132,400

(1999) · country code .nl

Telephone system

general assessment:: highly developed and well maintained domestic: the existing system of multi-conductor cables is gradually being replaced by fiber-optic cables;
the density of cellular telephone traffic is rapidly increasing and further modernization of the system is expected in the year 2001, with the introduction of the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) international: 5 submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (1996)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 4, FM 58, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios

15.3 million (1996)

Television broadcast stations

21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions

8.1 million (1997)

Internet users

6.8 million (2000)

Transportation

10 fields

Railways

total: 2,739 km standard gauge: 2,739 km 1.435-m gauge; (1,991 km electrified) (1998)

Highways

total: 125,575 km paved: 113,018 km (including 2,235 km of expressways) unpaved: 12,557 km (1998)

Waterways

5,046 km note: 47% of total route length is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or larger

Pipelines

crude oil 418 km;
petroleum products 965 km;
natural gas 10,230 km

Ports and harbors

Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Groningen, Haarlem, Ijmuiden, Maastricht, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Utrecht, Vlissingen

Merchant marine

total: 596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,321,500 GRT/4,877,632 DWT ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 371, chemical tanker 43, container 59, liquefied gas 21, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 9, passenger 8, petroleum tanker 26, refrigerated cargo 29, roll on/roll off 18, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 5 (2000 est.)