Netherlands

Kingdom of the NetherlandsKoninkrijk der Nederlanden

constitutional monarchy

Netherlands as the 2007 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 132 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalAmsterdam, UTC+1
Position52 30 N, 5 45 E
Area41,526 sq km
LocationWestern Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany
2007

Every edition of Netherlands

Populationas each edition published it
16.57 million July 2007 est. · 14.94m in 1990
Population growth% a year
0.464% 2007 est. · 0.63% in 1993
Median ageyears
39.7 years 2007 est. · 38.6 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
79.11 years 2007 est. · 77.55 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.66 children per woman 2007 est. · 1.6 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
4.88 deaths per 1,000 live births 2007 est. · 7 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$32,100 2006 est. · $17,200 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
3% 2006 est. · 1.6% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. After a 20-year French occupation, a Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now the EU), and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Geography

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

18 fields

Land useshare of 41,526 sq km

arable land 21.96%permanent crops 0.77%other 77.27% (2005)irrigated 5,650 sq km (2003)
Area
41,526sq km
land: 33,883 sq kmwater: 7,643 sq kmslightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
Coastline
451km
territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Highest point
322m
Vaalserberglowest point: Zuidplaspolder -7 m
Land boundaries
1,027km
border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Location

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Geographic coordinates

52 30 N, 5 45 E

Climate

  • temperate;
  • marine;
  • cool summers and mild winters

Terrain

mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast

Natural resources

natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land

Environment - current issues

  • water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates;
  • air pollution from vehicles and refining activities;
  • acid rain

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Geography - note

located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)

People

19 fields

Age structuremale left, female right · (2007 est.)

1,015,731
65 and over14.4%
1,370,797
5,683,877
15-6467.8%
5,557,745
1,505,931
0-1417.8%
1,436,532
MaleFemale
Population
16,570,613
(July 2007 est.)growth rate: 0.464% (2007 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2007 est.)

Birth
10.7Death
8.69Net migration
2.63

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (2007 est.)79.11
76.52 · 81.82Infant mortality deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)4.88
5.43 · 4.31
TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (2003 est.)99%
99% · 99%Median age years (2007 est.)39.7
38.9 · 40.5
MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Religions(2002)

Roman Catholic 31%Dutch Reformed 13%Calvinist 7%Muslim 5.5%other 2.5%none 41% (2002)

Sex ratio

at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.048 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.023 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.741 male(s)/female
total population:
0.981 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.66 children born/woman (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality

noun:
Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective:
Dutch

Ethnic groups

Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians) (1999 est.)

Languages

Dutch (official), Frisian (official)

Government

Constitutional monarchy; Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22 July 2002)

19 fields

First Chamber, 150 seats, elected 25 May 2003one dot, one seat

CDA 41PvdA 33Socialist Party 25VVD 22Party for Freedom 9Green Party 7Christian Union 6other 7

Country name

conventional long form:
Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form:
Netherlands
local long form:
Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
local short form:
Nederland

Government type

constitutional monarchy

Capital

name:
Amsterdam
geographic coordinates:
52 23 N, 4 54 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

note: The Hague (seat of government)

Administrative divisions

  • 12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie);
  • Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland (Fryslan), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland (South Holland)

Dependent areas

Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

Independence

23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; on 26 July 1581 they formally declared their independence with an Act of Abjuration; however, it was not until 30 January 1648 and the Peace of Westphalia that Spain recognized this independence)

National holiday

Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX), 30 April (1909 and 1980)

Constitution

adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:
Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch
head of government:
Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22 July 2002); Deputy Prime Ministers Wouter BOS (since 22 February 2007) and Andre ROUVOET (since 22 February 2007)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections:
  • none;
  • the monarchy is hereditary;
  • following Second Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch;
  • deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch

note: there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the cabinet on legislative and administrative policy

Legislative branch

bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils to serve four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
First Chamber - last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held in May 2007); Second Chamber - last held 22 November 2006 (next to be held by early 2011)
election results:
  • First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%;
  • seats by party - CDA 23, PvdA 19, VVD 15, Green Left Party 5, Socialist Party 4, D66 3, other 6;
  • Second Chamber - percent of vote by party - CDA 26.5%, PvdA 21.2%, Socialist Party 16.6%, VVD 14.6%, Party for Freedom 5.9%, Green Party 4.6%, Christian Union 4.0%, other 6.6%;
  • seats by party - CDA 41, PvdA 33, Socialist Party 25, VVD 22, Party for Freedom 9, Green Party 7, Christian Union 6, other 7

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders

  • Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jan Peter BALKENENDE];
  • Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET];
  • Democrats 66 or D66 [Alexander PECHTOLD];
  • Green Left Party [Femke HALSEMA];
  • Labor Party or PvdA [Wouter BOS];
  • List Pim Fortuyn [Olaf STUGER];
  • Party for Freedom or PVV [Geert WILDERS];
  • Party for the Animals or PvdD [Marianne THIEME];
  • People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Mark RUTTE];
  • Reformed Political Party of SGP [Bas VAN DER VLIES];
  • Socialist Party [Jan MARIJNISSEN];
  • plus a few minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders

  • Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV (consisting of a merger of Socialist and Catholic trade unions);
  • Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV;
  • Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or MHP;
  • Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations;
  • Interchurch Peace Council or IKV;
  • large multinational firms;
  • the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

International organization participation

AfDB, Arctic Council (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Christiaan Mark Johan KROENER
chancery:
4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 244-5300
FAX:
[1] (202) 362-3430
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
consulate(s):
Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Roland E. ARNALL
embassy:
Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague
mailing address:
PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715
telephone:
[31] (70) 310-2209
FAX:
[31] (70) 361-4688
consulate(s) general:
Amsterdam

Flag description

  • three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue;
  • similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer;
  • one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating with WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th century

Economy

The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade.

49 fields
GDP, purchasing power parity
$529.6billion
(2006 est.)official exchange rate: $613.3 billion (2006 est.)
GDP per capita, PPP
$32,100
(2006 est.)
Real growth rate
3%
(2006 est.)industrial production growth: 2.3% (2006 est.)

GDP - composition by sector(2006 est.)

agriculture 2.2%industry 24.1%services 73.7% (2006 est.)

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

25.5%
Germany
17.1%
14%
Belgium
9.4%
China
9.4%
8.9%
UK
5.9%
8.6%
France
4.5%
4.5%
US
7.8%
5.1%
Italy
Russia
5.1%
Exports $391.1 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)Imports $343 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)(2006)

Budget

Revenues
$317.1 billionExpenditures
$313.1 billion (2006 est.)

Electricity

Electricity production
94.34 billion (2005)Electricity consumption
108.2 billion (2005)Electricity exports
5.398 billion (2005)Electricity imports
23.69 billion (2005)

Economy - overview

The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery.

A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The country continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment.

Economic growth slowed considerably in 2001-06, as part of the global economic slowdown, but for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well above the EU average.

Labor force

7.49 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture:
2%
industry:
19%
services:
79% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.5% (2006 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%:
2.5%
highest 10%:
22.9% (1999)

Investment (gross fixed)

19.7% of GDP (2006 est.)

Public debt

49.4% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Industries

agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing

Oil - production

95,800 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - consumption

946,700 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports

1.546 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports

2.465 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves

106 million bbl (1 January 2006)

Natural gas - production

75.58 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

47.46 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports

50.21 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports

22.08 billion cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves

1.684 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current account balance

$57.52 billion (2006 est.)

Exports

$391.1 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Imports

$343 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing

Economic aid - donor

ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$23.9 billion (2006 est.)

Debt - external

$1.899 trillion (30 June 2006)

Currency (code)

euro (EUR)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries;

on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Exchange rates

euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

8 fields
Mobile cellular
15.834 million
(2005)
Internet users
11.17 million
(2007)
Fixed lines
7.6 million
(2005) · country code .nl

Telephone system

general assessment:
highly developed and well maintained
domestic:
  • extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network;
  • cellular telephone system is one of the largest in Europe with 5 major network operators utilizing the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
international:
  • country code - 31;
  • 9 submarine cables;
  • satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2004)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 4, FM 246, shortwave 3 (2004)

Television broadcast stations

21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)

Internet users

14.544 million (2006)

Transportation

10 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right

2
over 3,047 m
9
2,438 to 3,047 m
3
1,524 to 2,437 m
4
914 to 1,523 m
3
2
under 914 m
4
Paved 20Unpaved 7

Networkskm

Roadways
134,000 (2004)Railways
2,811Waterways
6,183 (2005)
Roadways: (includes 3,270 km of expressways) · Railways: standard gauge: 2,811 km 1.435-m gauge (2,064 km electrified) (2006) · Waterways: (navigable for ships of 50 tons)

Airports

27 (2007)

Heliports

1 (2007)

Pipelines

condensate 81 km; gas 7,229 km; oil 578 km; refined products 716 km (2006)

Railways

total:
2,811 km
standard gauge:
2,811 km 1.435-m gauge (2,064 km electrified) (2006)

Roadways

total: 134,000 km (includes 3,270 km of expressways) (2004)

Waterways

6,183 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2005)

Merchant marine

total:
566 ships (1000 GRT or over) 5,210,664 GRT/5,217,874 DWT
by type:
bulk carrier 9, cargo 346, carrier 19, chemical tanker 39, container 63, liquefied gas 13, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 16, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 20, specialized tanker 4
foreign-owned:
172 (Belgium 2, Denmark 19, Finland 14, France 1, Germany 70, Ireland 9, South Korea 1, Norway 9, Sweden 27, UK 7, US 13)
registered in other countries:
220 (Antigua and Barbuda 19, Australia 2, Austria 2, Bahamas 24, Canada 1, Cyprus 23, Gibraltar 11, Isle of Man 1, Liberia 28, Luxembourg 1, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 5, Netherlands Antilles 53, Norway 1, Panama 14, Paraguay 1, Philippines 22, Portugal 1, St Vincent and The Grenadines 5, UK 2, US 1, unknown 1) (2007)

Ports and terminals

Amsterdam, Groningen, IJmuiden, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Vlissingen, Zaanstad

Military

6 fields

Military branches

Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Military Police, Defense Interservice Command (DICO) (2006)

Military service age and obligation

20 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2004)

Manpower available for military service

males age 20-49:
3,557,918
females age 20-49:
3,470,377 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 20-49:
2,856,691
females age 20-49:
2,786,495 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually

males age 18-49:
99,934
females age 20-49:
95,818 (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Illicit drugs

  • major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator;
  • important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe;
  • major source of US-bound ecstasy;
  • large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering;
  • significant consumer of ecstasy

Central Intelligence Agency. “Netherlands.” The World Factbook 2007. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/netherlands/2007.

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