North Macedonia

The Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaRepublika Makedonija

emerging democracyIndependence 17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

North Macedonia as the 1996 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 88 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalSkopje
Position41 50 N, 22 00 E
Area25,333 sq km
LocationSoutheastern Europe, north of Greece
Populationas each edition published it
2.1 million July 1996 est. · 2.17m in 1992
Population growth% a year
0.46% 1996 est. · 0.91% in 1993
Median ageyears
Not in this edition 32.5 yrs in 2003
Life expectancyyears at birth
71.94 years 1996 est. · 73.19 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
1.82 children per woman 1996 est. · 2 in 1993
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
29.7 deaths per 1,000 live births 1996 est. · 29.7 in 1993
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$880 1995 est. · $3,110 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
4% -18% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

15 fields
Area
25,333sq km
land area: 24,856 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Vermont
Coastline
0km
(landlocked)Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Land boundaries
748km
border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia)

Location

Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Geographic coordinates

41 50 N, 22 00 E

International disputes

  • dispute with Greece over name;
  • in September 1995, Skopje and Athens signed an interim accord resolving their dispute over symbols and certain constitutional provisions;
  • Athens also lifted its economic embargo on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Climate

hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Terrain

  • mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys;
  • there are three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line;
  • country bisected by the Vardar River
lowest point:
Vardar River 50 m
highest point:
Korab 2,753 m

Natural resources

chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber

Land use

arable land:
5%
permanent crops:
5%
meadows and pastures:
20%
forest and woodland:
30%
other:
40%

Environment

current issues:
air pollution from metallurgical plants
natural hazards:
high seismic risks
international agreements:
party to - Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

Geographic note

landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

People

15 fields
Population
2,104,035
(July 1996 est.)note: the Macedonian government census of July 1994 put the population at 1.94 million, but ethnic allocations were likely undercountedgrowth rate: 0.46% (1996 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1996 est.)

Birth
13.31Death
8.47Net migration
-0.2

Ethnic divisions

Macedonian 65%Albanian 22%Turkish 4%Serb 2%Gypsies 3%other 4%

Religions

Eastern Orthodox 67%Muslim 30%other 3%

Age structure

0-14 years:
22% (male 242,593; female 228,563)
15-64 years:
68% (male 728,969; female 703,665)
65 years and over:
10% (male 90,363; female 109,882) (July 1996 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.82 male(s)/female
all ages:
1.02 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate

29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population:
71.94 years
male:
69.86 years
female:
74.18 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.82 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality

noun:
Macedonian(s)
adjective:
Macedonian

Languages

Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%

Government

Emerging democracy; President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) was elected by the Assembly in 1991 and reelected by popular vote in 1994; Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 4 September 1992) was appointed by the president

22 fields

Legislature, 120 seatsone dot, one seat

SDSM 58LP 29SPM 8PDP 10NDP 4independents 7other 4

Name of country

conventional long form:
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form:
none
local long form:
Republika Makedonija
local short form:
Makedonija
abbreviation:
FYROM

Type of government

emerging democracy

Capital

Skopje

Administrative divisions

34 counties (opstinas, singular - opstina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar, Delcevo, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Murgasevo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos, Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica

Independence

17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday

8 September

Constitution

adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) was elected by the Assembly in 1991 and reelected by popular vote in 1994;
  • election last held 16 October 1994 (next to be held NA 1997);
  • results - percent of vote NA;
  • note - following a failed assassination attempt on the president in October 1995, then Parliamentary Speaker Stojan ANDOV was acting president;
  • GLIGOROV resumed his duties in early 1996
head of government:
Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 4 September 1992) was appointed by the president
cabinet:
  • Council of Ministers were elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly;
  • note - after the withdrawal of the Liberal Party from the ruling coalition in early 1996, the Council of Ministers was reorganized without LP participation

Assembly (Sobranje)

  • elections last held 16 and 30 October 1994 (next to be held NA November 1998);
  • results - percent of vote by party NA;
  • seats - (120 total) SDSM 58, LP 29, SPM 8, PDP 10, NDP 4, independents 7, other 4

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Judicial Council; Judicial Court of the Republic, judges are elected by the Judicial Council

Political parties and leaders

  • Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist Party), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president;
  • Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP), Abdurahman HALITI, president;
  • National Democratic Party (NDP), Ilijas HALINI, president;
  • Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia - Liberal Party (SRSM-LP), Stojan ANDOV, president;
  • Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president;
  • Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, president;
  • Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, president;
  • Democratic Party (DP), Petar GOSEV, president;
  • Party for Democratic Prosperity of Albanians (PDPA), Arben XHAFFERI, president

Other political or pressure groups

  • Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK);
  • Democratic Party of Serbs;
  • Democratic Party of Turks;
  • Party for Democratic Action (Slavic Muslim)

International organization participation

CCC, CE, CEI, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Ljubica ACEVSKA
chancery:
3050 K Street, NW, Suite 210, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 337 3063

FAX

[1] (202) 337 3093

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate Christopher HILL; Charge d'Affaires Victor D. COMRAS
embassy:
ul. 27 Mart No. 5, 9100 Skopje
mailing address:
United States Liaison Office Skopje, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)
telephone:
[389] (91) 116-180

FAX

[389] (91) 117-103 note: the US agreed to establish full diplomatic relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in September 1995, and to upgrade the Liaison Office to an Embassy

Flag

a rising yellow sun with 8 rays extending to the edges of the red field

Economy

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, | although the poorest republic in the former Yugoslav federation, can | meet basic food and energy needs through its own agricultural and | coal resources.

21 fields
GDP per capita, PPP
$880
(1995 est.)
Real growth rate
4%
industrial production growth: -14% (1993)
Unemployment rate
37%
(1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector

agriculture 24%industry 44%services 32%

Installed generating capacity, 1,600,000 kW

Electricity production
6.046 billionElectricity consumption per capita
2,941 (1992)

Economic overview

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although the poorest republic in the former Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. Its economic decline will continue unless ties are reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria.

The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and most of its modern machinery and parts. An important supplement of GDP is the remittances from thousands of Macedonians working in Germany and other West European nations. The end of sanctions on Serbia and the lifting of the Greek embargo on Macedonia have reopened its natural trade corridors, but the country has been slow to capitalize on these opportunities.

Moreover, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's geographical isolation, technological underdevelopment, and potential political instability place it far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. An internal commitment to economic reform would encourage foreign investment over the long run.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $1.9 billion (1995 est.)

Labor force

591,773 (June 1994); by occupation: manufacturing and mining 40% (1992)

Budget

revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries

coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles, wood products, tobacco

Agriculture

rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, millet, cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables; beef, pork, poultry, mutton

Illicit drugs

limited illicit opium cultivation; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin

Exports

$916.2 million (1995)

commodities:
manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% (1990)
partners:
principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, Albania

Imports

$199 million (1995)

commodities:
fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% (1990)
partners:
other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria

External debt

$737.1 million (1994)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $NA note: US, $10 million (for humanitarian and technical assistance); in December 1995, the EU agreed to provide a credit line of ECU 21.7 million for investment projects

Currency

  • the denar, which was adopted by the Macedonian legislature 26 April 1992, was initially issued in the form of a coupon pegged to the German mark;
  • subsequently repegged to a basket of seven currencies

Exchange rates

denar per US$1 - 38.8 (December 1995), 39 (November 1994), 865 (October 1992)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Transportation

6 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 16 in all

2
2 438 to 3 047 m
12
under 914 m
914 to 1 523 m
2
PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways
10,591Railways
699
Highways: paved: 5,091 km · unpaved: 5,500 km (1991 est.) · Railways: standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (232 km electrified) (1995)

Railways

total:
699 km
standard gauge:
699 km 1.435-m gauge (232 km electrified) (1995)

Highways

total:
10,591 km
paved:
5,091 km
unpaved:
5,500 km (1991 est.)

Waterways

none, lake transport only

Ports

none

Communications

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Police Force

9 fields
Defense expenditures
7billion denars
NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

Telephone system

domestic:
NA
international:
NA

Radio broadcast stations

AM 6, FM 2, shortwave 0

Radios

369,000 (1992 est.)

Televisions

327,011 (1992 est.) Defense

Branches

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Police Force

Manpower availability

males age 15-49:
571,927
males fit for military service:
458,231
males reach military age (19) annually:
16,698 (1996 est.)

Cite this entry

Central Intelligence Agency. “Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of.” The World Factbook 1996. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/north-macedonia/1996.