Rwanda

republic

Rwanda as the 1990 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 66 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalKigali

Area26,340 km2

Populationas each edition published it

7.61 million July 1990 · 13.62m in 2025

Population growth% a year

Not in this edition 2.9% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 18.1 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

Not in this edition 41.23 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

8.5 children per woman 1990 · 3.2 in 2025

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

113 deaths per 1,000 live births 1990 · 27.4 in 2025

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

Not in this edition $290 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

Not in this edition 1.3% in 1993

Geography

11 fields

Total area

26,340km2

land area: 24,950 km2Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries

893km total

Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km

Climate

temperate;
two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Terrain

mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west

Natural resources

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower

Land use

29% arable land;
11% permanent crops;
18% meadows and pastures;
10% forest and woodland;
32% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated

Environment

deforestation;
overgrazing;
soil exhaustion;
soil erosion;
periodic droughts

People

14 fields

Population

7,609,119

(July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990)

Per 1,000 population(1990)

Birth

53Death

15Net migration

Ethnic divisions

Hutu 90%Tutsi 9%Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Religion

Roman Catholic 65%Protestant 9%Muslim 1%indigenous beliefs and other 25%

Literacy

46.6%

Language

Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers

Labor force

3,600,000;
93% agriculture, 5% government and services, 2% industry and commerce;
49% of population of working age (1985)

Government

Republic

17 fields

Type

republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices

Administrative divisions

10 prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in Kinyarwanda);
Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri

Independence

1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

Legal system

based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Executive branch

president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch

unicameral National Development Council (Conseil pour le Developpement National)

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session) Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)

Political parties and leaders

only party--National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana (officially a development movement, not a party)

universal adult, exact age NA President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana reelected; National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--MRND is the only party; seats--(70 total); MRND 70

Communists

no Communist party

Member of

ACP, AfDB, EAMA, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation

Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA;
Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009;
telephone (202) 232-2882;
US--Ambassador Leonard H. O. SPEARMAN, Sr.;
Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali);
telephone [205] 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128

Flag

three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia;
similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band

Economy

About 40% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports.

16 fields

GDP, purchasing power parity

$2.3billion

per capita $325; real growth rate - 2.5% (1988 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

(1988)

External debt

$645million

(December 1989 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$413 millionExpenditures

$522 million

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $230 million (1988 est.)

Overview

About 40% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing less than 20% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products.

The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline.

Unemployment rate

NA%

Exports

$118 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities--coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum;
partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US

Imports

$278 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities--textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material;
partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan

Industrial production

growth rate 1.2% (1988)

Electricity

26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1989)

Industries

mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Agriculture

cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums);
main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes;
stock raising;
self-sufficiency declining;
country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population

Aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $118 million;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million;
Communist countries (1970-88), $58 million