Rwanda

Republic of RwandaRepublika y'u Rwanda

republic

Rwanda as the 1993 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 75 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalKigali

Area26,340 km2

LocationCentral Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire

Populationas each edition published it

8.14 million July 1993 est. · 7.61m in 1990

Population growth% a year

2.9% 1993 est. · 2% in 2025

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 18.1 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

41.23 years 1993 est. · 66.6 yrs in 2025

Fertility ratechildren per woman

8.27 children per woman 1993 est. · 8.5 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

119.4 deaths per 1,000 live births 1993 est. · 113 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$290 1992 est. · $3,300 in 2025

GDP real growth% a year

1.3% 1992 est. · 8.9% in 2025

Geography

Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire

14 fields

Area

26,340km2

land area: 24,950 km2comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland

Coastline

0km

(landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlocked

Land boundaries

893km

total · Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km

Irrigated land

40km2

(1989 est.)

Location

Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire

Map references

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Climate

temperate;
two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Terrain

mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west

Natural resources

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower

Land use

arable land:: 29%
permanent crops:: 11%
meadows and pastures:: 18%
forest and woodland:: 10%
other:: 32%

Environment

deforestation;
overgrazing;
soil exhaustion;
soil erosion;
periodic droughts

People

14 fields

Population

8,139,272

(July 1993 est.)growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1993 est.)

Birth

49.92Death

20.87Net migration

Ethnic divisions

Hutu 90%Tutsi 9%Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Religions

Roman Catholic 65%Protestant 9%Muslim 1%indigenous beliefs and other 25%

Labor force

3.6million

by occupation: agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%note: 49% of population of working age (1985)

Literacy

15and over can read and write

age · (1990)total population: 50% male: 64%female: 37%

Infant mortality rate

119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population:: 41.23 years
male:: 40.2 years
female:: 42.28 years (1993 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Rwandan(s)
adjective:: Rwandan

Languages

Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial centers

Government

Republic

21 fields

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form:: Rwanda
local long form:: Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form:: Rwanda

Type

republic; presidential system note: a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition

Administrative divisions

10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda);
Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri

Independence

1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

Legal system

based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Political parties and leaders

Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant

independent parties include:: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU;
Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI;
Democratic and Socialist Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO;
Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA;
Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean NTAGUNGIRA;
Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE

note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registered

Other political or pressure groups

since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA)

Elections

President:: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected
National Development Council:: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993);
results - MRND was the only party;
seats - (70 total) MRND 70

Executive branch

president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch

unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)

Leaders

Chief of State:: President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
Head of Government:: Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992)

Member of

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA
chancery:: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:: (202) 232-2882

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN
embassy:: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address:: B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone:: [250] 75601 through 75603
FAX:: [250] 72128

Flag

three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia;
similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band

Economy

Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up | 80-90% of total exports.

18 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$290

(1992 est.)

Real growth rate

1.3%

(1992 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

(1992 est.)

External debt

$911million

(1990 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$350 millionExpenditures

$453.7 million

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1992 est.)

Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products.

The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampened prospects for economic improvement.

National product

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Exports

$66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:: coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
partners:: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US

Imports

$259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:: textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
partners:: US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan

Electricity

30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries

mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Agriculture

accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force;
cash crops - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums);
main food crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes;
stock raising;
self-sufficiency declining;
country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million;
note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment Program with the IMF;
since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and the US $25 million in support of this program