Sri Lanka

republicIndependence 4 February 1948 (from UK

Sri Lanka as the 1992 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 74 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalColombo

Area65,610 km2

Populationas each edition published it

17.63 million July 1992 · 17.2m in 1990

Population growth% a year

Not in this edition 1.11% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 28.7 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

Not in this edition 71.51 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.2 children per woman 1992 · 2.3 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

21 deaths per 1,000 live births 1992 · 31 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

Not in this edition $440 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

Not in this edition 4.5% in 1993

Geography

13 fields

Total area

65,610km2

Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia

Coastline

1,340km

land boundaries: noneContiguous zone: 24 nmContinental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nmExclusive economic zone: 200 nmTerritorial sea: 12 nm

Climate

tropical;
monsoonal;
northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)

Terrain

mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior

Natural resources

limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay

Land use

arable land 16%;
permanent crops 17%;
meadows and pastures 7%;
forest and woodland 37%;
other 23%;
includes irrigated 8%

Environment

occasional cyclones, tornados;
deforestation;
soil erosion

Note

only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian Ocean sea lanes

People

14 fields

Per 1,000 population(1992)

Birth

20Death

6Net migration

-2

Religions

Buddhist 69%Hindu 15%Christian 8%Muslim 8%

Literacy

86%

(male 91%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

Population

17,631,528 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992);
note - about 120,000 people fled to India in 1991 because of fighting between government forces and Tamil insurgents;
about 200,000 Tamils will be repatriated in 1992

Nationality

noun - Sri Lankan(s); adjective - Sri Lankan

Ethnic divisions

Sinhalese 74%;
Tamil 18%;
Moor 7%;
Burgher, Malay, and Veddha 1%

Languages

Sinhala (official);
Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages;
Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%;
English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population

Labor force

6,600,000; agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.)

Organized labor

about 30% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates

Government

Republic

19 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

50%

Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%other 5%

Long-form name

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

the administrative structure now includes 9 provinces - Central, Eastern, North, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, and Western and 24 districts - Amparai, Anuradhapura, Badulla, Batticaloa, Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala, Mullaittivu, Nuwara Eliya, Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Vavuniya;

note - in the future there may be only 8 provinces (combining the two provinces of North and Eastern into one province of North Eastern) and 25 districts (adding Kilinochchi to the existing districts)

Independence

4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon)

Constitution

31 August 1978

Legal system

a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday

Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)

Executive branch

president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch

unicameral Parliament

Judicial branch

Supreme Court

Leaders

Chief of State:: President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989)
Head of Government:: Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989)

Political parties and leaders

United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA;
Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE;
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. ASHRAFF;
All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM;
People's United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE;
Eelam Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI;
Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader (vacant);
Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN;
New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA;
Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA;
Sri Lanka People's Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA;
Communist Party, K. P. SILVA;
Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN;
note - the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and CP/B

Suffrage

universal at age 18

Elections

President:: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%
Parliament:: last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995);
results - UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%;
seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33

Other political or pressure groups

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups;
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front);
Buddhist clergy;
Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups;
labor unions

Member of

AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation

Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS;
Chancery at 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008;
telephone (202) 483-4025 through 4028;
there is a Sri Lankan Consulate in New York

US:: Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE, Jr.;
Embassy at 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo);
telephone [94] (1) 44180107, FAX [94] (1) 43-73-45

Flag

yellow with two panels;
the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange;
the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner;
the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the entire flag and extends between the two panels

Economy

16 fields

Inflation, consumer prices

10%

(1991)

Unemployment rate

14%

(1991 est.)

External debt

$5.8billion

(1990)

Budget

Revenues

$2.0 billionExpenditures

$3.7 billion

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $500 million (1992)

Overview

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in 1991 as domestic conditions began to improve.

GDP

exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate 5.0% (1991 est.)

Exports

$2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:: textiles and garment, teas, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products
partners:: US 25%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China

Imports

$3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:: food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum, machinery and equipment
partners:: Japan, Iran, US 7.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, FRG, UK

Industrial production

growth rate 8% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity

1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries

processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing

Agriculture

accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force;
most important staple crop is paddy rice;
other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseeds, roots, spices;
cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts;
animal products - milk, eggs, hides, meat;
not self-sufficient in rice production

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $369 million

Currency

Sri Lankan rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents

Exchange rates

Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 43.112 (March 1992), 41.372 (1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987)

Fiscal year

calendar year

Communications

9 fields

Merchant marine, 30 ships by typeone square, one ship

cargo 13refrigerated cargo 6container 5petroleum tanker 3bulk 330 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 310,173 GRT/489,378 DWT

Airports, 14 total, 13 usable

permanent-surface runways

12runways | over 3,659 m

nonerunways 2,440-3,659 m

1runways 1,220-2,439 m

Networkskm

Railroads

1,948Inland waterways

430

Railroads: (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned · Inland waterways: ; navigable by shallow-draft craft

Railroads

1,948 km total (1990);
all 1.868-meter broad gauge;
102 km double track;
no electrification;
government owned

Highways

75,749 km total (1990);
27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth;
several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.)