Iran
Islamic Republic of IranJomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
theocratic republic
Iran as the 2002 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 116 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling shah was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces subsequently crushed westernizing liberal elements. Militant Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq over disputed territory. Key current issues affecting the country include the pace of accepting outside modernizing influences and reconciliation between clerical control of the regime and popular government participation and widespread demands for reform.
Geography
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
18 fieldsLand use(1998 est.)
Location
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
Terrain
- rugged, mountainous rim;
- high, central basin with deserts, mountains;
- small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Natural hazards
- periodic droughts, floods;
- dust storms, sandstorms;
- earthquakes along western border and in the northeast
Environment - current issues
- air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
- deforestation;
- overgrazing;
- desertification;
- oil pollution in the Persian Gulf;
- wetland losses from drought;
- soil degradation (salination);
- inadequate supplies of potable water;
- water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste;
- urbanization
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
- signed, but not ratified:
- Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note
strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport
People
18 fieldsPer 1,000 population(2002 est.)
Male · female
Age structure
- 0-14 years:
- 31.6% (male 10,753,218; female 10,273,015)
- 15-64 years:
- 63.7% (male 21,383,542; female 21,096,307)
- 65 years and over:
- 4.7% (male 1,633,016; female 1,483,606) (2002 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1.01 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 1.1 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 1.03 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Languages
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Government
Theocratic republic; Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989); President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since 3 August 1997)
18 fieldsCountry name
- conventional long form:
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- conventional short form:
- Iran
- local short form:
- Iran
- local long form:
- Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
- former:
- Persia
Administrative divisions
- 28 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan);
- Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
Constitution
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)
- elections:
- leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts;
- president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
- election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)
- election results:
- (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval
- head of government:
- President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since 3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-YAZDI (since 26 August 2001)
Legislative branch
unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
- elections:
- last held 18 February-NA April 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)
- election results:
- percent of vote - NA%;
- seats by party - reformers 170, conservatives 45, and independents 10, 65 seats up for runoff;
- note - election on 5 May 2000 (reformers 52, conservatives 10, independents 3)
Political parties and leaders
the following organizations appeared to have achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majlis in early 2000: Assembly of the Followers of the Imam's Line, Freethinkers' Front, Islamic Iran Participation Front, Moderation and Development Party, Servants of Construction Party, Society of Self-sacrificing Devotees
Political pressure groups and leaders
- active student groups include the pro-reform "Organization for Strengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies';
- groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, and the Islamic Coalition Association;
- opposition groups include the Liberation Movement of Iran and the Nation of Iran party;
- armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include ;
- the Society for the Defense of Freedom
International organization participation
CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US
- none;
- note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy;
- address: ;
- telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990
Flag description
- three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red;
- the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band;
- ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band
Economy
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.
32 fieldsGDP - composition by sector(2002 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
Electricity
Economy - overview
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. President KHATAMI has continued to follow the market reform plans of former President RAFSANJANI and has indicated that he will pursue diversification of Iran's oil-reliant economy although he has made little progress toward that goal.
The strong oil market in 1996 helped ease financial pressures on Iran and allowed for Tehran's timely debt service payments. Iran's financial situation tightened in 1997 and deteriorated further in 1998 because of lower oil prices. Subsequent rises in oil prices have afforded Iran fiscal breathing room but do not solve Iran's structural economic problems, including the encouragement of foreign investment and the containment of inflation.
Industries
petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating, armaments
Agriculture - products
- wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton;
- dairy products, wool;
- caviar
Imports - commodities
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military supplies
Exchange rates
- from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system;
- one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;
- in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Communications
10 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- inadequate but currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently connected
- domestic:
- as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave radio relay trunk has grown substantially;
- many villages have been brought into the net;
- the number of main lines in the urban systems has approximately doubled;
- and thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served;
- moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches
- international:
- HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan;
- submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);
- Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan;
- satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat;
- Internet service available but limited to electronic mail to promote Iranian culture
Transportation
10 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Railways
- total:
- 6,130 km
- broad gauge:
- 94 km 1.676-m gauge
- standard gauge:
- 6,036 km 1.435-m gauge (187 km electrified)
note: broad-gauge track is employed at the borders with Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan which have broad-gauge rail systems; 41 km of the standard-gauge,
electrified track is in suburban service at Tehran (2001)
Highways
- total:
- 140,200 km
- paved:
- 49,440 km (including 470 km of expressways)
- unpaved:
- 90,760 km (1998 est.)
Waterways
904 km note: the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use
Ports and harbors
Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Ahvaz, Bandar 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bushehr, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni, Bandar-e Lengeh, Bandar-e Mahshahr, Bandar-e Torkaman, Chabahar (Bandar Beheshti), Jazireh-ye Khark, Jazireh-ye Lavan, Jazireh-ye Sirri, Khorramshahr (limited operation since November 1992), Now Shahr
Merchant marine
- total:
- 147 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,136,971 GRT/7,166,703 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 48, cargo 36, chemical tanker 4, container 10, liquefied gas 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, petroleum tanker 30, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 1 (2002 est.)
Military
7 fieldsMilitary branches
Islamic Republic of Iran regular forces (includes Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Command), Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy, Qods [special operations], and Basij [Popular Mobilization Army] forces), Law Enforcement Forces
Transnational Issues
2 fieldsDisputes - international
- despite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, Iran lacks maritime boundary with Iraq and disputes land boundary, navigation channels, and other issues from eight-year war;
- UAE seeks United Arab League and other international support against Iran's occupation of Greater Tunb Island (called Tunb al Kubra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg in Persian by Iran) and Lesser Tunb Island (called Tunb as Sughra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek in Persian by Iran) and attempts to occupy completely a jointly administered island in the Persian Gulf (called Abu Musa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa in Persian by Iran);
- Iran insists on division of Caspian Sea into five equal sectors while Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan have generally agreed upon equidistant seabed boundaries;
- Iran threatens to conduct oil exploration in Azerbaijani-claimed waters, while interdicting Azerbaijani activities
Illicit drugs
- despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe;
- domestic narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian press reports estimate at least 1.8 million drug users in the country
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Iran.” The World Factbook 2002. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/iran/2002.