Iran
Islamic Republic of IranJomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
theocratic republic
Iran as the 2003 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 125 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling shah was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar. A group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq over disputed territory.
Over the past decade, popular dissatisfaction with the government, driven by demographic changes, restrictive social policies, and poor economic conditions, has created a powerful and enduring pressure for political reform.
Geography
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
18 fieldsLand use(1998 est.)
Location
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
Terrain
- rugged, mountainous rim;
- high, central basin with deserts, mountains;
- small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Natural hazards
- periodic droughts, floods;
- dust storms, sandstorms;
- earthquakes along western border and in the northeast
Environment - current issues
- air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
- deforestation;
- overgrazing;
- desertification;
- oil pollution in the Persian Gulf;
- wetland losses from drought;
- soil degradation (salination);
- inadequate supplies of potable water;
- water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste;
- urbanization
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
- signed, but not ratified:
- Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note
strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport
People
19 fieldsPer 1,000 population(2003 est.)
Male · female
Age structure
- 0-14 years:
- 29.3% (male 10,279,588; female 9,727,668)
- 15-64 years:
- 65.9% (male 22,916,431; female 22,095,124)
- 65 years and over:
- 4.8% (male 1,625,113; female 1,634,902) (2003 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.06 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.99 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 1.04 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Languages
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Government
Theocratic republic; Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989); President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since 3 August 1997)
18 fieldsIslamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami, 290 seats, elected 18 February 2000 with a runoff held 5 May 2000one dot, one seat
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- conventional short form:
- Iran
- local short form:
- Iran
- former:
- Persia
- local long form:
- Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
Administrative divisions
- 28 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan);
- Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
National holiday
Republic Day, 1 April (1979) note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran include Revolution Day, 11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21 March; Constitutional Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925)
Constitution
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)
- elections:
- leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts;
- president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
- election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held June 2005)
- election results:
- (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval;
- the Supreme Leader has some control over appointments to the more sensitive ministries
- head of government:
- President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since 3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-YAZDI (since 26 August 2001)
Legislative branch
unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
- elections:
- last held 18 February 2000 with a runoff held 5 May 2000 (next to be held February 2004)
- election results:
- percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - reformers 189, conservatives 54, independents 42, seats reserved for religious minorities 5
Political parties and leaders
- a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad front achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000, and groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF);
- Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran);
- Solidarity Party;
- Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO);
- and Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun);
- a new apparently conservative group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, emerged at the local level in early 2003
Political pressure groups and leaders
- active pro-reform student groups include the "Organization for Strengthening Unity";
- groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Association, and Islamic Engineers Society;
- opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various Monarchist organizations;
- armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include
International organization participation
CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US
- none;
- note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy;
- address: ;
- telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990
Flag description
- three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red;
- the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band;
- ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band
Economy
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.
42 fieldsGDP - composition by sector(2002 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
Electricity
Economy - overview
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. President KHATAMI has continued to follow the market reform plans of former President RAFSANJANI and has indicated that he will pursue diversification of Iran's oil-reliant economy although he has made little progress toward that goal.
Relatively high oil prices in recent years have enabled Iran to amass some $15 billion in foreign exchange reserves, but have not solved Iran's structural economic problems, including high unemployment and inflation.
Industries
petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating, armaments
Agriculture - products
- wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton;
- dairy products, wool;
- caviar
Imports - commodities
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military supplies
Exchange rates
rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)
note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;
in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Communications
8 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- inadequate but currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently connected
- domestic:
- as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave radio relay trunk has grown substantially;
- many villages have been brought into the net;
- the number of main lines in the urban systems has approximately doubled;
- and thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served;
- moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches
- international:
- HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan;
- submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);
- Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan;
- satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat
Transportation
10 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Railways
- total:
- 7,201 km
- broad gauge:
- 94 km 1.676-m gauge
- standard gauge:
- 7,107 km 1.435-m gauge (146 km electrified) (2002)
Waterways
904 km note: the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use
Pipelines
- condensate/gas 212 km;
- gas 16,998 km;
- liquid petroleum gas 570 km;
- oil 8,256 km;
- refined products 7,808 km (2003)
Ports and harbors
Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Ahvaz, Bandar 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bushehr, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni, Bandar-e Lengeh, Bandar-e Mahshahr, Bandar-e Torkaman, Chabahar (Bandar Beheshti), Jazireh-ye Khark, Jazireh-ye Lavan, Jazireh-ye Sirri, Khorramshahr (limited operation since November 1992), Now Shahr
Merchant marine
- total:
- 139 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,190,576 GRT/7,276,700 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 43, cargo 34, chemical tanker 4, container 10, liquefied gas 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, petroleum tanker 30, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 1 (2002 est.)
Military
7 fieldsMilitary branches
Islamic Republic of Iran regular forces (includes Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Command), Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy, Qods [special operations], and Basij [Popular Mobilization Army] forces), Law Enforcement Forces
Transnational Issues
2 fieldsDisputes - international
- Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters on Helmand River tributaries in response to prolonged drought in region;
- thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Iran;
- despite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with Iraq over maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issues from eight-year war persist;
- UAE engage direct talks and Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island;
- Iran insists on division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors, while other littoral states have generally agreed to equidistant seabed boundaries - Iran has threatened Azerbaijanian hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters
Illicit drugs
- despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe;
- domestic narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian press reports estimate at least 2 million drug users in the country
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Iran.” The World Factbook 2003. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/iran/2003.