Kazakhstan
Republic of KazakhstanQazaqstan Respublikasy
republicIndependence 16 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Kazakhstan as the 2008 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 137 fields, one of 34 editions from 1992 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives.
Independence in 1991 caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states combined, largely due to the country's vast natural resources and a recent history of political stability. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; achieving a sustainable economic growth; diversifying the economy outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's competitiveness; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.
Geography
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural River in eastern-most Europe
20 fieldsLand useshare of 2,717,300 sq km
Location
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural River in eastern-most Europe
Terrain
extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia
Elevation extremes
- lowest point:
- Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
- highest point:
- Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Natural resources
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
- total:
- 35 cu km/yr (2%/17%/82%)
- per capita:
- 2,360 cu m/yr (2000)
Environment - current issues
- radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals;
- industrial pollution is severe in some cities;
- because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts;
- these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms;
- pollution in the Caspian Sea;
- soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
Environment - international agreements
- party to:
- Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
- signed, but not ratified:
- Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note
- landlocked;
- Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome;
- in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050
People
21 fieldsAge structuremale left, female right · (2008 est.)
Per 1,000 population(2008 est.)
Male · female
Ethnic groups(1999 census)
Sex ratio
- at birth:
- 1.06 male(s)/female
- under 15 years:
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years:
- 0.96 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over:
- 0.54 male(s)/female
- total population:
- 0.93 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Languages
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)
Government
Republic; President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991); Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV (since 10 January 2007)
18 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
Senate, 98 seatsone dot, one seat
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Kazakhstan
- conventional short form:
- Kazakhstan
- local long form:
- Qazaqstan Respublikasy
- local short form:
- Qazaqstan
- former:
- Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch
Capital
- name:
- Astana
- geographic coordinates:
- 51 10 N, 71 25 E
- time difference:
- UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Kazakhstan is divided into two time zones
Administrative divisions
- 14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala);
- Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy, Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses);
in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050
Constitution
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV (since 10 January 2007);
- Deputy Prime Ministers Umirzak SHUKEYEV (since 27 August 2007) and Yerbol ORYNBAYEV (since 29 October 2007)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president
- elections:
- president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (no term limits);
- election last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2012);
- prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president
- election results:
- Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 91.1%, Zharmakhan A. TUYAKBAI 6.6%, Alikhan M. BAIMENOV 1.6%
note: President NAZARBAYEV arranged a referendum in 1995 that extended his term of office and expanded his presidential powers: only he can initiate constitutional amendments,
appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Legislative branch
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 7 members are appointed by the president; other members are elected by local assemblies; to serve six-year terms) and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 9 out of the 107 Mazhilis members are elected from the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, which represents the country's ethnic minorities; members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms)
- elections:
- Senate - (indirect) last held December 2005;
- next to be held in 2011;
- Mazhilis - last held 18 August 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
- election results:
- Senate - percent of vote by party - NA;
- seats by party - NA;
- Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur-Otan 88.1%, NSDP 4.6%, Ak Zhol 3.3%, Auyl 1.6%, Communist People's Party 1.3%, Patriots Party .8% Ruhaniyat .4%;
- seats by party - Nur-Otan 98;
- note - parties must achieve a threshold of 7% of the electorate to qualify for seats in the Mazhilis
Political parties and leaders
- Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Zeynulla ALSHIMBAYEV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV, Tolegan SYDYKOV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan);
- Agrarian and Industrial Union of Workers Block or AIST (Agrarian Party and Civic Party);
- Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAIMENOV];
- Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV];
- Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN];
- Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV];
- National Social Democratic Party (NSDP)[Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY];
- Nur-Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with Otan);
- Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV];
- Rukhaniyat (Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA]
Political pressure groups and leaders
- Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA];
- Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA];
- Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN];
- For a Just Kazakhstan [Bolat ABILOV];
- For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV];
- Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director];
- Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAI];
- Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman];
- Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM];
- Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]
International organization participation
ADB, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Yerlan IDRISOV
- chancery:
- 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 232-5488
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 232-5845
- consulate(s):
- New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Richard E. HOAGLAND
- embassy:
- Ak Bulak 4, Str. 23-22, Building #3, Astana 010010
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [7] (7172) 70-21-00
- FAX:
- [7] (7172) 34-08-90
Flag description
- sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle in the center;
- on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold
Economy
Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals.
50 fieldsGDP - composition by sector(2007 est.)
Trading partnersexports left, imports right
Electricity
Economy - overview
Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources.
The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector.
Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - 8% or more per year in 2002-07 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. Inflation, however, jumped to more than 10% in 2007. In the energy sector, the opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity.
In 2006 Kazakhstan completed the Atasu-Alashankou portion of an oil pipeline to China that is planned in future construction to extend from the country's Caspian coast eastward to the Chinese border. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector by developing its manufacturing potential.
The policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel. The government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements; tensions continue. Upward pressure on the local currency continued in 2007 due to massive oil-related foreign-exchange inflows.
Aided by strong growth and foreign exchange earnings, Kazakhstan aspires to become a regional financial center and has created a banking system comparable to those in Central Europe.
Industries
- oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel;
- tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Exports - commodities
oil and oil products 59%, ferrous metals 19%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)
Exchange rates
tenge (KZT) per US dollar - 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006), 132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003)
Communications
8 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- inherited an outdated telecommunications network from the Soviet era requiring modernization
- domestic:
- intercity by landline and microwave radio relay;
- number of fixed-line connections is gradually increasing and fixed-line teledensity is about 20 per 100 persons;
- mobile-cellular usage is increasing rapidly and subscriptions now exceed 80 per 100 persons
- international:
- country code - 7;
- international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable;
- satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2007)
Transportation
10 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Ports and terminals
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Military
Ground Forces, Naval Force, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard
6 fieldsMilitary service age and obligation
- 18 years of age for compulsory military service;
- conscript service obligation - 2 years;
- minimum age for volunteers NA (2004)
Manpower available for military service
- males age 16-49:
- 4,176,731
- females age 16-49:
- 4,219,636 (2008 est.)
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsDisputes - international
- Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan;
- field demarcation of the boundaries with Turkmenistan commenced in 2005, and with Uzbekistan in 2004;
- demarcation is scheduled to get underway with Russia in 2007;
- demarcation with China was completed in 2002;
- creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under discussion;
- equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 3,700 (Russia); 508 (Afghanistan) (2007)
Illicit drugs
- significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine);
- limited government eradication of illicit crops;
- transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe;
- significant consumer of opiates
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Kazakhstan.” The World Factbook 2008. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/kazakhstan/2008.