Egypt

Arab Republic of EgyptJumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah

republicIndependence 28 February 1922 (from UK)

Egypt as the 1995 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 83 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalCairo

Area1,001,450 sq km

LocationNorthern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between

Populationas each edition published it

62.36 million July 1995 est. · 54.71m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.95% 1995 est. · 2.3% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 23.1 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

61.12 years 1995 est. · 60.46 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

3.67 children per woman 1995 est. · 4.7 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

74.5 deaths per 1,000 live births 1995 est. · 90 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$2,490 1994 est. · $730 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

1.5% 1994 est. · 2.1% in 1993

Geography

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between | Libya and the Gaza Strip

14 fields

Land useshare of 1,001,450 sq km

arable land 3%permanent crops 2%forest and woodland 0%other 95%meadows and pastures 0% in all · irrigated 25,850 sq km (1989 est.)

Area

1,001,450sq km

land area: 995,450 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

Coastline

2,450km

contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Land boundaries

2,689km

total · Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km

Location

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip

administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km, tensions over this disputed area began to escalate in 1992 and remain high

Climate

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Terrain

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Environment

current issues:: agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands;
increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam;
desertification;
oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats;
other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents;
very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source;
rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources
natural hazards:: periodic droughts;
frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity;
hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring;
duststorms, sandstorms
international agreements:: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Tropical Timber 94

Note

controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere;
controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea;
size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics

People

15 fields

Population

62,359,623

(July 1995 est.)growth rate: 1.95% (1995 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1995 est.)

Birth

28.69Death

8.86Net migration

-0.35

Male · female(1995 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years61.12

59.22 · 63.12

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy48%

63% · 34%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Labor force

16million

(1994 est.)by occupation: government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%, agriculture 34%, privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984)note: shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1993 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 37% (female 11,380,668; male 11,872,728)
15-64 years:: 59% (female 18,250,706; male 18,641,830)
65 years and over:: 4% (female 1,204,477; male 1,009,214) (July 1995 est.)

Infant mortality rate

74.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.67 children born/woman (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Egyptian(s)
adjective:: Egyptian

Ethnic divisions

Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%

Religions

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic Christian and other 6% (official estimate)

Languages

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Government

Republic; President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (sworn in as president on 14 October 1981, eight days after the assassination of President SADAT); Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)

22 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

86.3%

NDP 86.3%NPUG 1.3%independents 12.4%

Legislature, 172 seatsone dot, one seat

(258 total, 172 elected, 86 appointed by the president) NDP 172

Names

conventional long form:: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form:: Egypt
local long form:: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form:: none
former:: United Arab Republic (with Syria)

Digraph

Type

republic

Capital

Cairo

Administrative divisions

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah);
Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu't, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj

Independence

28 February 1922 (from UK)

National holiday

Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)

Constitution

11 September 1971

Legal system

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes;
judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions);
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (sworn in as president on 14 October 1981, eight days after the assassination of President SADAT);
national referendum held 4 October 1993 validated Mubarak's nomination by the People's Assembly to a third 6-year presidential term
head of government:: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)
cabinet:: Cabinet; appointed by the president

Legislative branch

bicameral

People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b):: elections last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held NA November 1995);
results - NDP 86.3%, NPUG 1.3%, independents 12.4%;
seats - (454 total, 444 elected, 10 appointed by the president) NDP 383, NPUG 6, independents 55;
note - most opposition parties boycotted;
NDP figures include NDP members who ran as independents and other NDP-affiliated independents

Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)

functions only in a consultative role;
elections last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1995);
results - NDP 100%;
seats - (258 total, 172 elected, 86 appointed by the president) NDP 172

Judicial branch

Supreme Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders

National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the dominant party;
legal opposition parties are;
New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'ad SIRAJ AL-DIN;
Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI;
National Progressive Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN;
Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), Mustafa Kamal MURAD;
Democratic Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-al-Mun'im TURK;
Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI;
Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt Party), Gamal RABIE;
Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, Dia' al-din DAWUD;
Democratic Peoples' Party, Anwar AFIFI;
The Greens Party, Kamal KIRAH;
Social Justice Party, Muhammad 'ABD-AL-'AL

note: formation of political parties must be approved by government

Other political or pressure groups

despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition;
MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but has moved more aggressively in the past year to block its influence;
trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

Member of

ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Ahmed Maher El SAYED
chancery:: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:: [1] (202) 895-5400

FAX

[1] (202) 244-4319, 5131; consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.
embassy:: (North Gate) 8, Kamel El-Din Salah Street, Garden City, Cairo
mailing address:: APO AE 09839-4900
telephone:: [20] (2) 3557371

FAX

[20] (2) 3573200

Flag

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band;
similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band;
also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band

Economy

Half of Egypt's GDP originates in the public sector, most | industrial plants being owned by the government.

19 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$2,490

(1994 est.)

Real growth rate

1.5%

(1994 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate 2.7% (FY92/93 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

(1994 est.)

Unemployment rate

20%

(1994 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$18 billionExpenditures

$19.4 billion

expenditures including capital expenditures of $3.8 billion (FY94/95 est.)

Installed generating capacity, 11,830,000 kW

Electricity production

44.5 billionElectricity consumption per capita

695 (1993)

Overview

Half of Egypt's GDP originates in the public sector, most industrial plants being owned by the government. Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for balance-of-payments support.

Egypt's first IMF standby arrangement concluded in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988 because of the government's failure to adopt promised reforms. Egypt signed a follow-on program with the IMF and also negotiated a structural adjustment loan with the World Bank in 1991. In 1991-93 the government made solid progress on administrative reforms such as liberalizing exchange and interest rates but resisted implementing major structural reforms like streamlining the public sector.

As a result, the economy has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a growing problem. Egypt probably will continue making uneven progress in implementing the successor programs with the IMF and World Bank it signed onto in late 1993. Tourism has plunged since 1992 because of sporadic attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist groups.

President MUBARAK has cited population growth as the main cause of the country's economic troubles. The addition of about 1.2 million people a year to the already huge population of 62 million exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the land area available for agriculture along the Nile.

National product

GDP - purchasing power parity - $151.5 billion (1994 est.)

Exports

$3.1 billion (f.o.b., FY93/94 est.)

commodities:: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals
partners:: EU, US, Japan

Imports

$11.2 billion (c.i.f., FY93/94 est.)

commodities:: machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer goods, capital goods
partners:: EU, US, Japan

External debt

$31.2 billion (December 1994 est.)

Industries

textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement, metals

Agriculture

cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables;
cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats;
annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons

Illicit drugs

a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe and the US;
popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers;
large domestic consumption of hashish from Lebanon and Syria

Economic aid

recipient:: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion;
Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion

Currency

1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters

Exchange rates

Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.4 (November 1994), 3.369 (November 1993), 3.345 (November 1992), 2.7072 (1990); market; rate: 3.3920 (January 1995), 3.3920 (1994), 3.3704 (1993), 3.3300 (1992), 2.0000 (1991), 1.1000 (1990)

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

Transportation

7 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 91 in all

over 3,047 m

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

under 914 m

1,524 to 2,438 m

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

47,387Railroads

4,895

Highways: paved: 34,593 km · unpaved: 12,794 km · Railroads: (42 km electrified; 951 km double track) · standard gauge: 4,548 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 951 km double track) · narrow gauge: 347 km 0.750-m gauge

Railroads

total:: 4,895 km (42 km electrified; 951 km double track)
standard gauge:: 4,548 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 951 km double track)
narrow gauge:: 347 km 0.750-m gauge

Highways

total:: 47,387 km
paved:: 34,593 km
unpaved:: 12,794 km

Inland waterways

3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta);
Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water

Pipelines

crude oil 1,171 km;
petroleum products 596 km;
natural gas 460 km

Ports

Alexandria, Al Ghurdaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez

Merchant marine

total:: 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,187,442 GRT/1,821,327 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 19, cargo 83, container 2, oil tanker 15, passenger 30, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 14, short-sea passenger 4

Communications

3 fields

Telephone system

600,000 telephones;
11 telephones/1,000 persons;
large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading

local:: NA
intercity:: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay
international:: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 ARABSAT, and 1 INMARSAT earth station;
5 coaxial submarine cables, microwave troposcatter (to Sudan), and microwave radio relay (to Libya, Israel, and Jordan)