Egypt

• periodic droughts;
• frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides;
• hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring;
• dust storms, sandstorms

• agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands;
• increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
• desertification;
• oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats;
• other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents;
• very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source;
• rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere;
• controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea;
• size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics;
• dependence on upstream neighbors;
• dominance of Nile basin issues;
• prone to influxes of refugees

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.048 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.024 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.743 male(s)/female

total population:

1.017 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

noun:

Egyptian(s)

adjective:

Egyptian

conventional long form:

Arab Republic of Egypt

conventional short form:

Egypt

local long form:

Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah

local short form:

Misr

former:

United Arab Republic (with Syria)

name:

Cairo

geographic coordinates:

30 03 N, 31 15 E

time difference:

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1hr, begins last Friday in April; ends last Thursday in September

• 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah);
• Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, As Suways, Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj

• based on Islamic and civil law (particularly Napoleonic codes);
• judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions);
• accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

chief of state:

President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)

head of government:

Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed NAZIF (since 9 July 2004)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for six-year term (no term limits);
• note - a national referendum in May 2005 approved a constitutional amendment that changed the presidential election to a multicandidate popular vote;
• previously the president was nominated by the People's Assembly and the nomination was validated by a national, popular referendum;
• last referendum held 26 September 1999;
• first election under terms of constitutional amendment held 7 September 2005;
• next election scheduled for 2011

election results:

Hosni MUBARAK reelected president; percent of vote - Hosni MUBARAK 88.6%, Ayman NOUR 7.6%, Noman GOMAA 2.9%

• National Democratic Party or NDP (governing party) [Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK];
• National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID];
• New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA];
• Tomorrow Party [Naji AL-GHATRIFI]

note: formation of political parties must be approved by the government

• despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Hosni MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition;
• MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence;
• civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms;
• trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

chief of mission:

Ambassador Nabil FAHMY

chancery:

3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 895-5400

FAX:

[1] (202) 244-4319

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Francis J. RICCIARDONE, Jr.

embassy:

8 Kamal El Din Salah St., Garden City, Cairo

mailing address:

Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900

telephone:

[20] (2) 2797-3300

FAX:

[20] (2) 2797-3200

• three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
• the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band;
• design is based on the Arab Liberation flag and similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band

agriculture:

32%

industry:

17%

services:

51% (2001 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.7%

highest 10%:

29.5% (2000)

general assessment:

• large system;
• underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern;
• Telecom Egypt, the landline monopoly, has been increasing service availability and in 2006 fixed-line density stood at 14 per 100 persons;
• as of 2007 there were three mobile-cellular networks and service is expanding rapidly

domestic:

principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

international:

• country code - 20;
• landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 AND SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks;
• linked to the international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe);
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat;
• tropospheric scatter to Sudan;
• microwave radio relay to Israel;
• a participant in Medarabtel

• condensate 464 km;
• condensate/gas 94 km;
• gas 6,021 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 897 km;
• oil 5,120 km;
• oil/gas/water 36 km;
• refined products 897 km (2006)

total:

5,063 km

standard gauge:

5,063 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2006)

total:

92,370 km

paved:

74,820 km

unpaved:

17,550 km (2004)

males age 18-49:

18,347,560

females age 18-49:

17,683,904 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49:

15,540,234

females age 18-49:

14,939,378 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49:

802,920

females age 18-49:

764,176 (2005 est.)

• while Sudan retains claim to the Hala'ib Triangle north of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, both states withdrew their military presence in the 1990s and Egypt has invested in and effectively administers the area;
• Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with Israel and the Gaza Strip to deter terrorist, smuggling, and other illegal activities;
• Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to some 70,000 persons who identify themselves as Palestinians but who largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition as refugees

current situation:

• Egypt is a transit country for women trafficked from Eastern Europe to Israel for the purpose of sexual exploitation;
• these women generally arrive as tourists and are subsequently trafficked through the Sinai Desert by Bedouin tribes;
• men and women from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are believed to be trafficked through the Sinai Desert to Israel and Europe for labor exploitation;
• some Egyptian children from rural areas are trafficked within the country to work as domestic servants or laborers in the agriculture industry

tier rating:

Tier 2 Watch List - Egypt is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to address trafficking over the past year, particularly in the area of law enforcement

• transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa;
• transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers;
• concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations