Egypt

total:

68.3 cu km/yr (8%/6%/86%)

per capita:

973.3 cu m/yr (2000)

• periodic droughts;
• frequent earthquakes;
• flash floods;
• landslides;
• hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring;
• dust storms;
• sandstorms

• agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands;
• increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
• desertification;
• oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats;
• other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents;
• limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source;
• rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

• controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere;
• controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea;
• size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics;
• dependence on upstream neighbors;
• dominance of Nile basin issues;
• prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories

noun:

Egyptian(s)

adjective:

Egyptian

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

1.03 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.82 male(s)/female

total population:

1.03 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

degree of risk:

intermediate

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

water contact disease:

schistosomiasis

note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)

total number:

1,066,526

percentage:

7 % (2005 est.)

conventional long form:

Arab Republic of Egypt

conventional short form:

Egypt

local long form:

Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah

local short form:

Misr

former:

United Arab Republic (with Syria)

name:

Cairo

geographic coordinates:

30 03 N, 31 15 E

time difference:

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

• 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956);
• note - it was ca. 3200 B.C. that the Two Lands of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically

• mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws;
• judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court

• the previous bicameral legislature was dissolved in July 2013 and under the 2014 constitution was changed to the unicameral House of Representatives (minimum of 450 seats with up to 5 percent appointed by the president; members to serve 5-year terms);
• the process for elected members as stated in Article 102 of the 2014 constitution may be majoritarian, proportional list, or a mixed system;
• the previous bicameral parliament consisted of the Shura Council (at least 150 seats with up to one-tenth of body appointed by the president to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives(at least 350 seats);
• members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections (for new House of Representatives):

unscheduled but expected in mid- to late-2014

election results (for previous legislature):

• Advisory Council (held 29 January and 14 February 2012) - percent of vote by party - Democratic Alliance for Egypt 45%, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 28.6%, New Wafd Party 8.5%, Egyptian Bloc 5.4%, other 12.5%;
• seats by party - Democratic Alliance for Egypt 105, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 45, New Wafd Party 14, Egyptian Bloc 8, other 4, independents 4, presidential appointees 90;
• People's Assembly (held in three stages 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012) - percent of vote by party - Democratic Alliance for Egypt 37.5%, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 27.8%, New Wafd Party 9.2%, Egyptian Bloc 8.9%, Al-Wasat Party 3.7%, The Revolution Continues Alliance 2.8%, Reform and Development Party 2.2%, National Party of Egypt 1.6%, Freedom Party 1.9%, Egyptian Citizen Party 0.9%, other 3.5%;
• seats by party - Democratic Alliance of Egypt 235, Alliance for Egypt (Islamic Bloc) 123, New Wafd Party 38, Egyptian Bloc 35, Al-Wasat 10, Reform and Development Party 9, The Revolution Continues Alliance 8, National Party of Egypt 5, Egyptian Citizen Party 4, Freedom Party 4, independents 21, other 6, SCAF appointees 10

highest court(s):

• Court of Cassation (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges);
• Supreme Constitutional Court or SCC (consists of the court president and 10 justices);
• Supreme Administrative Court - the highest court of the State Council (consists of the court president and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges)

judge selection and term of office:

under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected by the Supreme Judiciary Council and appointed by the president of the Republic; tenure NA

subordinate courts:

• Courts of Appeal;
• Courts of First Instance;
• courts of limited jurisdiction;
• Family Court (established in 2004)

• Al-Asala [Ehab SHIHA]
• Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN]
• Al-Wasat Party [Abou Elela MADY]
• Al-Watan [Imad Abd al-GHAFUR]
• Building and Development Party or BDP [Nasr Abdul-SALAM]
• Dustour (Constitution) Party [Hala SHUKRALLAH]
• Egyptian Current Party
• Egypt of Freedom Party [Amr HAMZAWY]
• El Tagamu'u Party [Sayed Abdel AAL]
• Freedom and Justice Party [Muhammad Saad al-KATATNI]
• Free Egyptians Party [Ahmad SAID]
• New Wafd Party [Sayed al-BADADWI]
• Reform and Development Party [Muhammad Anwar al-SADAT]
• Strong Egypt Party [Abdel Aboul FOTOUH]
• The Conference Party [Ambassador Mohamed ORABI]
• The Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Mohamed Aboul GHAR]
• The Popular Current Party [Hamdeen SABAHI]
• The Popular Socialist Alliance Party [Abdel Ghafar SHOUKR]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mohamed M. TAWFIK (since 7 September 2012)

chancery:

3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

[1] (202) 895-5400

FAX:

[1] (202) 244-5131

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York

chief of mission:

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marc J. SIEVERS (since 21 January 2014)

embassy:

5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo

mailing address:

Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900; 5 Tawfik Diab Street, Garden City, Cairo

telephone:

[20] (2) 2797-3300

FAX:

[20] (2) 2797-3200

• three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
• the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band;
• the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band

agriculture:

29%

industry:

24%

services:

47% (2011 est.)

lowest 10%:

4%

highest 10%:

26.6% (2008)

general assessment:

• underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s;
• principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

domestic:

largest fixed-line system in the region; as of 2011 there were multiple mobile-cellular networks with a total of roughly 83 million subscribers

international:

• country code - 20;
• landing point for Aletar, the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks, Link Around the Globe (FLAG) Falcon and FLAG FEA;
• satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat);
• tropospheric scatter to Sudan;
• microwave radio relay to Israel;
• a participant in Medarabtel (2011)

• mix of state-run and private broadcast media;
• state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks as well as a few satellite channels;
• about 20 private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available via subscription;
• state-run radio operates about 70 stations belonging to 8 networks;
• 2 privately owned radio stations operational (2008)

• condensate 486 km;
• condensate/gas 74 km;
• gas 7,986 km;
• liquid petroleum gas 957 km;
• oil 5,225 km;
• oil/gas/water 37 km;
• refined products 895 km;
• water 65 km (2013)

total:

5,083 km

country comparison to the world: 34

standard gauge:

5,083 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2009)

total:

137,430 km

country comparison to the world: 37

paved:

126,742 km (includes 838 km of expressways)

unpaved:

10,688 km (2010)

major seaport(s):

Mediterranean Sea - Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said; Gulf of Suez - Suez

oil/gas terminal(s):

Ain Sukhna terminal, Sidi Kerir terminal

container port(s) (TEUs):

Alexandria (1,108,826), Port Said(East) (2,617,043), Port Said(West) (1,138,753)

• 18-30 years of age for male conscript military service;
• service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation;
• voluntary enlistment possible from age 16 (2012)

males age 16-49:

21,012,199

females age 16-49:

20,145,021 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

18,060,543

females age 16-49:

17,244,838 (2010 est.)

male:

783,405

female:

748,647 (2010 est.)

• Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary;
• Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps;
• Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border;
• Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir

refugees (country of origin):

• 70,026 (West Bank and Gaza Strip);
• 12,927 (Sudan);
• 6,316 (Somalia);
• 5,506 (Iraq) (2013);
• 137,916 (Syria) (2014)

stateless persons:

60 (2012)

• transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa;
• transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers;
• concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations