Military - note In 30 editions of 36.

• Lesotho's declared policy is maintenance of its independent sovereignty and preservation of internal security;
• in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa;
• restructuring of the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) and Ministry of Defense and Public Service over the past five years has focused on subordinating the defense apparatus to civilian control and restoring the LDF's cohesion;
• the restructuring has considerably improved capabilities and professionalism, but the LDF is disproportionately large for a small, poor country;
• the government has outlined a reduction to a planned 1,500-man strength, but these plans have met with vociferous resistance from the political opposition and from inside the LDF (2008)

defense is the responsibility of France; a small contingent of French forces is stationed on the island

defense is the responsibility of the UK

• Sao Tome and Principe's army is a tiny force with almost no resources at its disposal and would be wholly ineffective operating unilaterally;
• infantry equipment is considered simple to operate and maintain but may require refurbishment or replacement after 25 years in tropical climates;
• poor pay, working conditions, and alleged nepotism in the promotion of officers have been problems in the past, as reflected in the 1995 and 2003 coups;
• these issues are being addressed with foreign assistance aimed at improving the army and its focus on realistic security concerns;
• command is exercised from the president, through the Minister of Defense, to the Chief of the Armed Forces staff (2005)

• with the end of apartheid and the establishment of majority rule, former military, black homelands forces, and ex-opposition forces were integrated into the South African National Defense Force (SANDF);
• as of 2003 the integration process was considered complete

• the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon;
• it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

defense is the responsibility of Norway

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of Australia; Australia conducts fisheries patrols

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of Denmark

• Iceland has no standing military force;
• under a 1951 bilateral agreement - still valid - its defense was provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik;
• however, all US military forces in Iceland were withdrawn as of October 2006;
• although wartime defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment, in April 2007, Iceland and Norway signed a bilateral agreement providing for Norwegian aerial surveillance and defense of Icelandic airspace (2008)

defense is the responsibility of Norway

Svalbard is a territory of Norway, demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920

defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in 2016

• a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer group;
• a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia

the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF), with its small size and with little serviceable equipment, is inadequate to prevent external aggression and is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the exclusive economic zone (2008)

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

• the Royal Barbados Defense Force includes a land-based Troop Command and a small Coast Guard;
• the primary role of the land element is to defend the island against external aggression;
• the Command consists of a single, part-time battalion with a small regular cadre that is deployed throughout the island;
• it increasingly supports the police in patrolling the coastline to prevent smuggling and other illicit activities (2007)

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of the UK

• the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the Cuban Army of its major economic and logistic support, and had a significant impact on equipment numbers and serviceability;
• the army remains well trained and professional in nature;
• while the lack of replacement parts for its existing equipment and the current severe shortage of fuel have increasingly affected operational capabilities, Cuba remains able to offer considerable resistance to any regional power (2008)

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of the US

defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

• on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces;
• in October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of "external aggression"

defense is the responsibility of the US

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of the US

defense is the responsibility of France and Spain

• the five-nation Eurocorps - created in 1992 by France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg - has deployed troops and police on peacekeeping missions to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and assumed command of the ISAF in Afghanistan in August 2004;
• Eurocorps directly commands the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational Command Support Brigade, and EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
• in November 2004, the EU Council of Ministers formally committed to creating 13 1,500-man battle groups by the end of 2007, to respond to international crises on a rotating basis;
• 22 of the EU's 25 nations have agreed to supply troops;
• France, Italy, and the UK formed the first of three battle groups in 2005;
• Norway, Sweden, Estonia, and Finland established the Nordic Battle Group effective 1 January 2008;
• nine other groups are to be formed;
• a rapid-reaction naval EU Maritime Task Group was stood up in March 2007 (2007)

defense is the responsibility of Denmark

defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1992

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of the UK

Liechtenstein has no military forces, but is interested in European security policy and is an active member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

defense is the responsibility of France

Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces

defense is the responsibility of Italy

Akrotiri has a full RAF base, Headquarters for British Forces on Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit

includes Dhekelia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a roadway

• a "National Security Policy Document" adopted in October 2005 increases the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security, augmenting the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command (Jandarma);
• the TSK leadership continues to play a key role in politics and considers itself guardian of Turkey's secular state;
• in April 2007, it warned the ruling party about any pro-Islamic appointments;
• despite on-going negotiations on EU accession since October 2005, progress has been limited in establishing required civilian supremacy over the military;
• primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (the Kurdish problem), and the extreme left wing;
• Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region;
• an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force 2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations;
• the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities, and took charge of a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in Afghanistan in April 2007;
• the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters;
• the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations;
• its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications;
• the Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system;
• Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system (2008)

a Coast Guard was established in 2002

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of the US

defense is the responsibility of New Zealand, in consultation with the Cook Islands and at its request

defense is the responsibility of Australia

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of the US

Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ

defense is the responsibility of the US

defense is the responsibility of the US

Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal agreement, defense is the responsibility of Australia

defense is the responsibility of France

defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

defense is the responsibility of Australia

defense is the responsibility of the US

defense is the responsibility of the US; under a Compact of Free Association between Palau and the US, the US military is granted access to the islands for 50 years, but it has not stationed any military forces there (2008)

defense is the responsibility of the UK

• Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces;
• informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship

defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

defense is the responsibility of the US

• defense is the responsibility of the US;
• the US Air Force is responsible for overall administration and operation of the island;
• the launch support facility is administered by the US Missile Defense Agency (MDA)

defense is the responsibility of France

• the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the country's prolonged economic hardship;
• the country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military is implementing a modernization plan aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more responsive (2008)

defense is the responsibility of the UK

defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force

defense is the responsibility of Australia

defense is the responsibility of Australia; the territory has a five-person police force

defense is the responsibility of China

• serving one of the world's least developed countries, the Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF) is small, poorly funded, and ineffectively resourced;
• its mission focus is border and internal security, primarily in countering ethnic Hmong insurgent groups;
• together with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the government, the Lao People's Army (LPA) is the third pillar of state machinery, and as such is expected to suppress political and civil unrest and similar national emergencies, but the LPA also has upgraded skills to respond to avian influenza outbreaks;
• there is no perceived external threat to the state and the LPA maintains strong ties with the neighboring Vietnamese military (2008)

defense is the responsibility of China

occupied by China

Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam