Montenegro
republicIndependence 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
Montenegro as the 2008 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 107 fields, one of 20 editions from 2006 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
Geography
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
18 fieldsLand useshare of 14,026 sq km
Climate
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Environment - current issues
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Environment - international agreements
party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ship Pollution
People
10 fieldsPer 1,000 population(2008 est.)
Ethnic groups(2003 census)
Religions(2003 census)
Major infectious diseases
- degree of risk:
- intermediate
- food or waterborne diseases:
- bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
- vectorborne disease:
- Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2008)
Languages
Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified 3.7% (2003 census)
Government
Republic; President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003); Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 29 February 2008)
18 fieldsPresidential electionpercent of vote
Assembly, 81 seats, elected 10 September 2006one dot, one seat
Percent of vote
Country name
- conventional long form:
- none
- conventional short form:
- Montenegro
- local long form:
- none
- local short form:
- Crna Gora
- former:
- People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
Capital
- name:
- Podgorica
- geographic coordinates:
- 42 26 N, 19 16 E
- time difference:
- UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions
- 21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina);
- Andrijevica, Bar, Berana, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 29 February 2008)
- cabinet:
- Ministries act as cabinet
- elections:
- president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held 6 April 2008 (next to be held in 2013);
- prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly
- election results:
- Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.89%, Andrija MANDIC 19.55%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.64%, Srdan MILIC 11.92%
Legislative branch
unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats in 2006)
- elections:
- last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010)
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 47.7%, Serbian List 14.4%, Coalition SNP-NS-DSS 13.8%, PZP 12.9%, Liberals and Bosniaks 3.7%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 7.5%;
- seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 41, Serbian List 12, Coalition SNP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Albanian minority parties 3
Judicial branch
Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
Political parties and leaders
- Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ];
- Coalition for European Montenegro or DPS-SDP (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] and Social Democratic Party of SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]);
- Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]);
- Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARHDI];
- Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA];
- Liberals and the Bosniak Party (bloc) [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] (includes Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] and Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]);
- Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC];
- Serbian List (bloc) [Andrija MANDIC] (includes Party of Serb Radicals or SSR [Dusko SEKULIC], People's Socialist Party or NSS [Emilo LABUDOVIC], and Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC])
International organization participation
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC
- chancery:
- 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 234-6108
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 234-6109
- consulate(s) general:
- New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Roderick W. MOORE
- embassy:
- Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [382] 81 225 417
- FAX:
- [382] 81 241 358
Flag description
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
Economy
38 fieldsTrading partnersexports left, imports right
Electricity
Economy - overview
Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, used the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region.
Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.
Agriculture - products
- grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes;
- sheepherding;
- commercial fishing negligible
Exchange rates
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Communications
7 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites
- domestic:
- GSM wireless service, available through 2 providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly
- international:
- country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
Transportation
8 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Merchant marine
- total:
- 6
- by type:
- cargo 5, passenger/cargo 1
- registered in other countries:
- 3 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2008)
Military
Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army, Navy (serves as Coast Guard), Air Force (2008)
4 fieldsMilitary branches
Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army, Navy (serves as Coast Guard), Air Force (2008)
Transnational Issues
3 fieldsRefugees and internally displaced persons
- refugees (country of origin):
- 7,000 (Kosovo); note - mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999
- IDPs:
- 16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004) (2007)
Trafficking in persons
- current situation:
- Montenegro is primarily a transit country for the trafficking of women and girls to Western Europe for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation;
- women and girls from the Balkans and Eastern Europe are trafficked across Montenegro to Western European countries
- tier rating:
- Tier 2 Watch List - Montenegro is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in persons in 2007;
- public attention to the issue of trafficking has diminished considerably in Montenegro in recent years (2008)
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Montenegro.” The World Factbook 2008. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/montenegro/2008.