Montenegro
Republic of MontenegroRepublika Crna Gora
republicIndependence 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
Montenegro as the 2006 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 91 fields, one of 20 editions from 2006 to 2025.
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Introduction
1 fieldBackground
The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries it was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocratic state ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and, at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. Following a three-year postponement, Montenegro held an independence referendum in the spring of 2006 under rules set by the EU. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded the 55% threshold, allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
Geography
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
17 fieldsLand useshare of 14,026 sq km
Climate
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Environment - current issues
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
People
8 fieldsPer 1,000 population(2004)
Government
Republic; President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003); Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 10 November 2006)
16 fieldsAssembly, 81 seats, elected 10 September 2006one dot, one seat
Country name
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Montenegro
- conventional short form:
- Montenegro
- local long form:
- Republika Crna Gora
- local short form:
- Crna Gora
- former:
- People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Capital
- name:
- Podgorica (administrative capital)
- geographic coordinates:
- 42 26 N, 19 16 E
- time difference:
- UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
- daylight saving time:
- +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note: Cetinje (capital city)
Administrative divisions
- 21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina);
- Andrijevia, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgornica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Independence
3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro); note - a referendum on independence was held 21 May 2006
Executive branch
- chief of state:
- President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003)
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 10 November 2006)
- cabinet:
- Ministries act as cabinet
- elections:
- president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term);
- election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008);
- prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly
- election results:
- Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%
Legislative branch
unicameral Assembly (81 seats, elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats at the time of the elections)
- elections:
- last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010)
- election results:
- percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Coalition for a European Montenegro 41, SNS 12, Coalition SPP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Democratic League-Democratic Prosperity 1, Democratic Union of Albanians 1, Albanian Alternative 1
Judicial branch
Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
Political parties and leaders
- Albanian Alternative or AA;
- Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC];
- Coalition for a European Montenegro (Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS and Social Democratic Party or SDP) [Milo DJUKANOVIC];
- Coalition SPP/NS/DSS;
- Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARHDI];
- Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS;
- Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA];
- Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC];
- Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC];
- People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC];
- Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC];
- Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC];
- Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC];
- Socialist People's Party or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
International organization participation
CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, ICFTU, ILO, Interpol, IPU, ITU, OSCE, UN, UPU, WHO, WTO (observer)
Flag description
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
Economy
32 fieldsTrading partnersexports left, imports right
Economy - overview
The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the IMF, World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region.
Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.
Agriculture - products
- grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes;
- sheepherding;
- commercial fishing negligible
Exchange rates
euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Communications
7 fieldsTelephone system
- general assessment:
- modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites
- domestic:
- GSM wireless service, available through two providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly
- international:
- country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007);
- two international switches connect the national system
Transportation
7 fieldsAirports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right
Networkskm
Merchant marine
- total:
- 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT
- by type:
- cargo 4
- registered in other countries:
- 4 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2006)
Military
2 fieldsTransnational Issues
1 fieldDisputes - international
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of boundary with Montenegro
Cite this entry
Central Intelligence Agency. “Montenegro.” The World Factbook 2006. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/montenegro/2006.