Montenegro

• pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor;
• serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie;
• air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating

party to:

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:

none of the selected agreements

noun:

Montenegrin(s)

adjective:

Montenegrin

0-14 years:

18.22% (male 58,219 /female 53,718)

15-24 years:

13.05% (male 41,406 /female 38,755)

25-54 years:

40.16% (male 122,940 /female 123,746)

55-64 years:

13.47% (male 40,661 /female 42,089)

65 years and over:

15.09% (male 39,899 /female 52,816) (2018 est.)

total dependency ratio:

47.8 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio:

27.3 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio:

20.5 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio:

4.9 (2015 est.)

total:

38.9 years (2018 est.)

male:

37.4 years

female:

40.4 years

at birth:

1.04 male(s)/female

0-14 years:

1.08 male(s)/female

15-24 years:

1.07 male(s)/female

25-54 years:

0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years:

0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.76 male(s)/female

total population:

0.97 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

degree of risk:

intermediate (2016)

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea (2016)

vectorborne diseases:

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Montenegro

local long form:

none

local short form:

Crna Gora

former:

People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

etymology:

the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area

name:

Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"

geographic coordinates:

42 26 N, 19 16 E

time difference:

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time:

+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology:

• the name translates as "beneath Gorica";
• the meaning of Gorica is "hillock";
• the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around

• 24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina);
• Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg-Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak

• 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro);
• notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established);
• 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence);
• 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

history:

several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007

amendments:

• proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly;
• passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing;
• passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly;
• changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum;
• amended 2013, 2014 (2016)

citizenship by birth:

no

citizenship by descent only:

at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro

dual citizenship recognized:

no

residency requirement for naturalization:

10 years

chief of state:

President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)

head of government:

Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016)

cabinet:

Ministers act as cabinet

elections/appointments:

• president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
• election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023);
• prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly

election results:

• Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round;
• percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%

description:

unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

elections:

last held on 16 October 2016 (next to be held by October 2020)

election results:

• percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4%, DF 20.3%, Key Coalition, 11.1%, DCG 10.0%, SDP 5.2%, SD 3.3%, BS, 3.2%, Albanians Decisively 1.3%, HGI .5%, other 3.7%;
• seats by party/coalition - DPS 36, DF 18, Key Coalition 9, DCG 8, SDP 4, SD 2, BS 2, Albanians Decisively 1, HGI 1;
• composition - men 62, women 19, percent of women 23.5%

highest courts:

• Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges);
• Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)

judge selection and term of office:

• Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs;
• Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term;
• other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life;
• Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly;
• court president elected from among the court members;
• court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms

subordinate courts:

• Administrative Courts;
• Appellate Court;
• Commercial Courts;
• High Courts;
• basic courts

• Albanians Decisively [Genci NIMANBEGU] (electoral coalition included FORCA, AA, DUA)
• Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ]
• Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]
• Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]
• Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]
• Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)
• Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC]
• Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]
• Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]
• Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]
• Key Coalition [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes DEMOS, SNP, URA]
• Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]
• Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]
• New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]
• New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]
• Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]
• Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC]
• Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]
• True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC]
• United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)
• United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]
• Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]

chief of mission:

Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)

telephone:

[382] 20-410-500

embassy:

Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro

mailing address:

use embassy street address

FAX:

[382] 20-241-358

• a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered;
• the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown;
• the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left;
• the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky;
• the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

name:

"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)

lyrics/music:

Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

agriculture:

7.9%

industry:

17.1%

services:

75% (2017 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.5%

highest 10%:

25.7% (2014 est.)

general assessment:

• modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites;
• telecom sector in-line with EU norms which means competition, access and tariff structures;
• DSL, cable, leased line, fiber and wireless;
• seasonal tourist have boosted mobile penetration;
• LTE technologies available (2018)

domestic:

• GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing;
• fixed-line 24 per 100 and mobile-cellular 163 per 100 persons (2018)

international:

country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

• state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks;
• 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations;
• 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)

number of registered air carriers:

1 (2015)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6 (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:

526,980 (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:

0 mt-km (2015)

total:

250 km (2017)

standard gauge:

250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)

total:

7,762 km (2010)

paved:

7,141 km (2010)

unpaved:

621 km (2010)

Aum Shinrikyo (AUM):

aim(s): enhance its networks in Montenegro for recruitment and fundraising

area(s) of operation:

maintains a limited presence; membership drastically depleted in March 2016 when authorities expelled 58 foreign members (2018)